Abstract
Immense amounts of information are now accessible to people, including information that bears on their past, present and future. An important research challenge is to determine how people decide to seek or avoid information. Here we propose a framework of information-seeking that aims to integrate the diverse motives that drive information-seeking and its avoidance. Our framework rests on the idea that information can alter people’s action, affect and cognition in both positive and negative ways. The suggestion is that people assess these influences and integrate them into a calculation of the value of information that leads to information-seeking or avoidance. The theory offers a framework for characterizing and quantifying individual differences in information-seeking, which we hypothesize may also be diagnostic of mental health. We consider biases that can lead to both insufficient and excessive information-seeking. We also discuss how the framework can help government agencies to assess the welfare effects of mandatory information disclosure.
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Acknowledgements
We thank L. Rozenkrantz, J. Marks, F. Gesiarz, C. Kelly, I. De Taranto, C. Charpentier and Y. Wang for comments on previous versions of this manuscript. Y. Wang also assisted with generating brain images. T.S. is supported by a Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellowship (214268/Z/18/Z).
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Glossary
- Information:
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Data previously not known with complete certainty.
- Information-seeking:
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The active pursuit of knowledge, for example by asking questions, reading and conducting online searches.
- Curiosity:
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The feeling of wanting to know. While curiosity is related to information-seeking the two concepts are distinct. In particular, it is possible to be curious but to avoid information or to seek information despite a lack of curiosity. For example, a person may be curious about whether they have a predisposition for cancer, but decide not to pursuit such information to avoid experiencing negative feelings. A person may also seek financial information to make better financial decisions, despite not being curious about such information.
- Instrumental utility of information:
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A measure quantifying the amount by which information will enable achieving an end goal.
- Hedonic utility of information:
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A measure quantifying the amount of pleasure (or other positive feeling) information would induce, minus the amount of pain (or other negative feeling) it would induce, from which we subtract the amount of pleasure ignorance would induce plus the amount of pain ignorance would induce.
- Cognitive utility of information:
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A measure quantifying the degree to which information would strengthen internal mental models.
- Mental models:
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Representation of concepts and the relationships among them, which are used to comprehend and anticipate reality.
- Affect:
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A physiological reaction that varies in valence (positive or negative) and arousal.
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Sharot, T., Sunstein, C.R. How people decide what they want to know. Nat Hum Behav 4, 14–19 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0793-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0793-1
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