Abstract
A sensor array system formed by arranging four asymmetric distributed-feedback fiber lasers (DFB-FL) in ascending order according to their slope efficiencies was proposed. The output flatness could be effectively improved with the application of asymmetric DFB-FLs. The last element had almost the same output with the others although it obtained the smallest pump power. The relative intensity noise (RIN) and relaxation oscillation frequency of the sensor array were also analyzed. It is found that the relaxation oscillation frequency of a certain DFB-FL was relevant to its relative position in the array. And the RIN of a certain DFB-FL was always affected by the other elements in the array, which was not dependent on the order of their arrangement.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
G. A. Cranch, G. M. H. Flockhart, and C. K. Kirkendall, “Distributed feedback fiber laser strain sensors,” IEEE Sensors Journal, 2008, 8(7): 1161–1172.
S. Foster, A. Tikhomirov, and J. Velzen, “Towards a high performance fiber laser hydrophone,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2011, 29, 1335–1342.
T. Xu, F. Li, and Y. Liu, “Characteristics of frequency noise in a fiber laser sensor array,” in Proc. SPIE (International Conference on Optical Instruments and Technology: Advanced Sensor Technologies and Applications, Beijing), vol. 7157, pp. 71571A1–71571A 5, 2008.
I. Azmi, I. Leung, X. B. Chen, S. L. Zhou, Q. Zhu, K. Gao, et al., “Fiber laser based hydrophone systems,” Photonic Sensors, 2011, 1(3): 210–221.
K. P. Koo and A. D. Kersey, “Fibre laser sensor with ultrahigh strain resolution using interferometric interrogation,” Electronics Letters, 1995, 31(14): 1180–1182.
K. P. Koo and A. D. Kersey, “Noise and cross talk of a 4-element serial fiber laser sensor array,” Optical Fiber Communications, OFC’96, pp. 266–267, 1996.
G. A. Cranch, S. Foster, and C. K. Kirkendall, “Fiber laser strain sensors: enabling a new generation of miniaturized high performance sensors,” in Proc. SPTE (20th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors), Edinburgh, vol. 7503, pp. 834331, 2009.
S. Foster, A. Tikhomirov, M. Englund, H. Inglis, G. Edvell, and M. Milnes, “A 16 element fibre laser sensor array,” in the 18th Internetional Conference Optical Fiber Technology, Australia, pp. 40–42, 2006.
Y. Jiang, “Wavelength division multiplexing addressed four-element fiber optical laser hydrophone array,” Applied Optics, 2007, 46(15): 2939–2948.
W. Tuan, “Research on distributed feedback fiber lasers,” Ph.D. dissertation, Institute of Semiconductors Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, 2010.
K. Yelen, L. M. B. Hickey, and M. N. Zervas, “A new design approach for fiber DFB lasers with improved efficiency,” IEEE Journal of Quantum Electron, 2004, 40(6): 711–720.
K. Yelen, M. N. Zervas, and L. M. B. Hickey, “Fiber DFB lasers with ultimate efficiency,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2005, 23(1): 32–43.
S. Foster, A. Tikhomirov, and M. Milnes, “Fundamental thermal noise in Distributed feedback fiber lasers,” IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 2007, 43(5): 378–384.
G. A. Cranch, M. A. Englund, and C. K. Kirkendall, “Intensity noise characteristics of Erbium-doped distributed-feedback fiber lasers,” IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 2003, 39(12): 1579–1586.
L. N. Ma, Y. M. Hu, S. D. Xiong, Z. Meng, and Z. L. Hu, “Intensity noise and relaxation oscillation of a fiber laser senor array integrated in a single fiber,” Optics Letters, 2010, 35(11): 1795–1797.
L. Ma, “Fiber laser hydrophone,” Ph.D. dissertation, Graduate School of National University of Defense Technology, China, 2010.
E. Ronnekleiv, “Frequency and intensity noise of single frequency fiber Bragg grating lasers,” Optical Fiber Technology, 7(3): 206–235, 2001.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, P., Chang, J., Zhu, C. et al. A four-element sensor array consisting of asymmetric distributed-feedback fiber lasers. Photonic Sens 4, 180–187 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13320-014-0167-2
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13320-014-0167-2