Abstract
One of the trendiest areas in the world of materials research is multifunctional polymer nanocomposites. The long-term behaviour of fibre-reinforced polymer composites exposed to cryogenic environments is discussed in this article in light of current advancements. The composites were created using the standard hand layup procedure in order to achieve the aforementioned goals. Crown flower fibre (CF) serves as a reinforcement, while 3 wt.% of nano-SiO2 and 3 wt.% of zinc borates (4ZnO·B2O3·H2O) serve as fillers, and the LY566 type of epoxy resin with the HY 951 type of hardener were considered as a matrix system. To complete the mentioned objectives, three types of composites were fabricated: pure epoxy-based CF laminate, CF/3 wt.% of nano SiO2 hybrid, and CF/3 wt.% of nano 4ZnO·B2O3·H2O-based hybrid laminates. Analysis of the mechanical behaviour of composite materials that had been created was done under both normal and cryogenic circumstances at two distinct temperatures (−60 and 30 °C). To investigate the flammability properties of the hybrid composites, tests with horizontal and vertical flame retardants were conducted. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies were used to validate the nanofiller’s existence. The manufactured CF/3 wt.% of SiO2-based hybrid composites have good mechanical capabilities in a cryogenic environment of −60 °C, according to the results. This is because the 3 wt% SiO2-loaded samples are more resistant to deformation and can take more force before breaking at the impact zone because they have a larger surface area per volume fraction and better adhesion. In terms of flammability characteristics, the hybrid CF/ 3 wt.% of 4ZnO.B2O3.H2O (zinc borate) exhibits better results (burning rate of 7.14 mm/min). The burning rate was reduced as a result of the use of nanofillers. This is due to zinc borate's promising flame-retardant qualities, which prevent flame spread and aid in flame extinguishment.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Data Availability
No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
References
Marichelvam MK, Kandakodeeswaran K, Manimaran P (2023) Investigation of mechanical and morphological analysis of natural fiber hybrid composites. Biomass Convers Biorefin 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04612-z
Maurya AK, Manik G (2023) Advances towards development of industrially relevant short natural fiber reinforced and hybridized polypropylene composites for various industrial applications: a review. J Polym Res 30:47
Jamshaid H, Mishra RK, Chandan V et al (2023) Mechanical and thermo-mechanical performance of natural fiber-based single-ply and 2-ply woven prepregs. Polymers 15:994
Chichane A, Boujmal R, El Barkany A (2023) Bio-composites and bio-hybrid composites reinforced with natural fibers. Mater Today: Proc 72:3471–3479
Han X, Ding L, Tian Z et al (2023) Potential new material for optical fiber: Preparation and characterization of transparent fiber based on natural cellulosic fiber and epoxy. Int J Biol Macromol 224:1236–1243
Arpitha GR, Jain N, Verma A (2023) Banana biofiber and glass fiber reinforced hybrid composite for lightweight structural applications: mechanical, thermal, and microstructural characterization. Biomass Convers Biorefin 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04300-y
Hussain M, Levacher D, Leblanc N et al (2023) Analysis of physical and mechanical characteristics of tropical natural fibers for their use in civil engineering applications. J Nat Fibers 20:2164104
Ramalingam K, Thiagamani SMK, Pulikkalparambil H et al (2023) Novel cellulosic natural fibers from Abelmoschus ficulneus weed: extraction and characterization for potential application in polymer composites. J Polym Environ 31:1323–1334
Parameswaranpillai J, Jacob J, Vijayan S et al (2023) Tribological behavior of natural fiber-reinforced polymeric composites. In: Tribology of polymers, polymer composites, and polymer nanocomposites. Elsevier, pp 153–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90748-4.00014-5
Sahu SB, Nayak S, Sahu S, Roul MK (2023) Calotropis gigantea bast fiber based epoxy composites for automotive application: an experimental study. Polym Compos 44:252–260
Samanhudi S, Yunus A, Rahayu M et al (2023) Application of vermicompost fertilizer and mycorrhizal fungi on growth of Biduri (Calotropis gigantea). In: AIP conference proceedings, vol 2583 (1). AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0116574
Taneja N, Dujearic-Stephane K, Agrawal N et al (2023) Biodegradable and highly conductive polymeric blend based on the latex of Calotropis gigantea as solid electrolyte in energy storage applications. High Perform Polym 35:16–27
Zhang J, Liu J, Zhao Z et al (2023) Calotropis gigantea fiber-based sensitivity-tunable strain sensors with insensitive response to wearable microclimate changes. Adv Fiber Mater 1378–1391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-023-00270-y
Sápi Z, Butler R (2020) Properties of cryogenic and low temperature composite materials-A review. Cryogenics 111(103190). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2020.103190
Hohe J, Neubrand A, Fliegener S et al (2021) Performance of fiber reinforced materials under cryogenic conditions—a review. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 141:106226
Ren X, Zhang X, Xu R et al (2020) Analyzing energy materials by cryogenic electron microscopy. Adv Mater 32:1908293
Giasin K, Barouni A, Dhakal HN et al (2021) Microstructural investigation and hole quality evaluation in S2/FM94 glass-fibre composites under dry and cryogenic conditions. J Reinf Plast Compos 40:273–293
Lakshmaiya N, Kaliappan S, Patil PP et al (2022) Influence of oil palm nano filler on interlaminar shear and dynamic mechanical properties of flax/epoxy-based hybrid nanocomposites under cryogenic condition. Coatings 12:1675
Li Y, Meng J, Luo J et al (2023) Cryogenic mechanics and damage behaviors of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 169:107484
Kocaman S, Soydal U, Ahmetli G (2021) Influence of cotton waste and flame-retardant additives on the mechanical, thermal, and flammability properties of phenolic novolac epoxy composites. Cellulose 28:7765–7780
Mochane MJ, Mokhothu TH, Mokhena TC (2022) Synthesis, mechanical, and flammability properties of metal hydroxide reinforced polymer composites: a review. Polym Eng Sci 62:44–65
Babu K, Rendén G, Afriyie Mensah R et al (2020) A review on the flammability properties of carbon-based polymeric composites: state-of-the-art and future trends. Polymers 12:1518
Suriani MJ, Zainudin HA, Ilyas RA et al (2021) Kenaf fiber/pet yarn reinforced epoxy hybrid polymer composites: morphological, tensile, and flammability properties. Polymers 13:1532
Idumah CI, Hassan A, Ogbu JE et al (2020) Electrical, thermal and flammability properties of conductive filler kenaf–reinforced polymer nanocomposites. J Thermoplast Compos Mater 33:516–540
Suriani MJ, Radzi FSM, Ilyas RA et al (2021) Flammability, tensile, and morphological properties of oil palm empty fruit bunches fiber/pet yarn-reinforced epoxy fire retardant hybrid polymer composites. Polymers 13:1282
Yildiz B, Seydibeyoǧlu MÖ, Güner FS (2009) Polyurethane-zinc borate composites with high oxidative stability and flame retardancy. Polym Degrad Stab 94:1072–1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.04.006
Qin Q, Guo R, Ren E et al (2020) Waste cotton fabric/zinc borate composite aerogel with excellent flame retardancy. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8:10335–10344. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c00210
Feng C, Zhang Y, Liang D et al (2015) Influence of zinc borate on the flame retardancy and thermal stability of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene composites. J Anal Appl Pyrol 115:224–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2015.07.019
Latha AD, Kumar AS, Singh SJ, Velmurugan C (2023) Experimental investigations of flammability, mechanical and moisture absorption properties of natural flax / nanoSiO 2 based hybrid polypropylene composites. SILICON. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-023-02611-3
Pang H, Wang X, Zhu X et al (2015) Nanoengineering of brucite@SiO2 for enhanced mechanical properties and flame retardant behaviors. Polym Degrad Stab 120:410–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.08.002
Chen T, Deng JC, Wang LS, Feng G (2009) Preparation and characterization of nano-zinc borate by a new method. J Mater Process Technol 209:4076–4079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.09.029
Nazari A, Riahi S (2010) Microstructural, thermal, physical and mechanical behavior of the self compacting concrete containing SiO2 nanoparticles. Mater Sci Eng A 527:7663–7672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.08.095
Bodduru K, Singh LK, Kassa MK et al (2023) Influence of MXene, graphene nanoplatelet and multi-walled carbon nanotube on mechanical properties, swelling and flammability behaviour of hybrid sisal/glass fibre reinforced epoxy laminate composites. Mater Res Express 10. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/acc82e
Velmurugan G, Kumar SS, Chohan JS et al (2023) Experimental investigations of mechanical and dynamic mechanical analysis of bio-synthesized CuO/Ramie fiber-based hybrid biocomposite. Fibers Polym. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-023-00432-0
Ganesan V, Shanmugam V, Alagumalai V (2024) Composites Part C : open access optimisation of mechanical behaviour of Calotropis gigantea and Prosopis juliflora natural fibre-based hybrid composites by using Taguchi-Grey relational analysis. Compos C: Open Access 13:100433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100433
Qian Y, Zhou S, Chen X (2018) Synergistic flame retardant effect between nano-silicon dioxide and layered double hydroxides in ethylene vinyl acetate composites. J Thermoplast Compos Mater 31:1295–1309. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705717738287
Lakshmaiya N, Kaliappan S, Patil PP et al (2022) Influence of oil palm nano filler on interlaminar shear and dynamic mechanical properties of flax/epoxy-based hybrid nanocomposites under cryogenic condition. Coatings 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111675
Ganesan V, Shanmugam V, Kaliyamoorthy B et al (2021) Optimisation of mechanical properties in saw-dust/woven-jute fibre/polyester structural composites under liquid nitrogen environment using response surface methodology. Polymers 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13152471
Wang JUN, Gangarao HOTA, Liang R, Liu W (2016) Durability and prediction models of fiber-reinforced polymer composites under various environmental conditions: a critical review. J Reinf Plast Compos 35:179–211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684415610920
Dubey RS, Rajesh YBRD, More MA (2015) Synthesis and characterization of SiO2 nanoparticles via sol-gel method for industrial applications. Mater Today: Proc 2:3575–3579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2015.07.098
Velmurugan G, Babu K (2020) Statistical analysis of mechanical properties of wood dust filled Jute fiber based hybrid composites under cryogenic atmosphere using Grey-Taguchi method. Mater Res Express 7. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab9ce9
Ganesan V, Kaliyamoorthy B (2020) Utilization of Taguchi technique to enhance the interlaminar shear strength of wood dust filled woven jute fiber reinforced polyester composites in cryogenic environment. J Nat Fibers. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2020.1789021
Nandanwar R, Singh P, Haque F (2015) Synthesis and characterization of SiO2 nanoparticles by sol-gel process and its degradation of methylene blue. Am Chem Sci J 5:1–10. https://doi.org/10.9734/acsj/2015/10875
Velmurugan G, Suresh Kumar S, Chohan JS et al (2023) Hybrid calotropis gigantea fibre-reinforced epoxy composites with SiO2’s longer-term moisture absorbable and its impacts on mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties. Mater Res Express 11. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ad0bc8
Velmurugan G, Natrayan L (2023) Experimental investigations of moisture diffusion and mechanical properties of interply rearrangement of glass/Kevlar-based hybrid composites under cryogenic environment. J Mater Res Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JMRT.2023.02.089
Velmurugan G, Babu K, Nagaraj M, Kumar AJP (2023) Investigations of flame retardancy, mechanical and thermal properties of woven hemp/PP hybrid composite for insulating material reinforced with synthetic silicon and zinc oxides. Silicon. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-023-02408-4
Mochane MJ, Magagula SI, Sefadi JS et al (2020) Morphology, thermal stability, and flammability properties of polymer-layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanocomposites: a review. Crystals 10:612
Sanjeevi S, Shanmugam V, Kumar S et al (2021) Effects of water absorption on the mechanical properties of hybrid natural fibre/phenol formaldehyde composites. Sci Rep 11:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92457-9
Velmurugan G, Dinesh Kumar N, Perumal A et al (2022) Potential utilization and characterization of epoxy based biomaterials under alkaline environment. AIP Conference Proceedings 2516. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0108535
Matheswaran M, Suresh P, Velmurugan G, Nagaraj M (2023) Evaluation of agrowaste/nanoclay/SiO2-based blended nanocomposites for structural applications: comparative physical and mechanical properties. SILICON. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-023-02570-9
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu for the technical assistance.
Funding
No funding was received for this research work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Velmurugan G, Jasgurpreet Singh Chohan, Sathish R: Conceptualization, Writing an original draft, Methodology.
Ramesh Velumayil and Ranjith Kumar R: Investigation.
Elil Raja D, Nagaraj M and John Presin Kumar A: Testing and Evaluation.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Yes.
Ethics Approval
Not applicable.
Consent to Participate
Not applicable.
Consent for Publication
Yes. All permission granted.
Competing Interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Velmurugan, G., Chohan, J.S., Sathish, R. et al. Exploring Mechanical and Flammability Traits in Hybrid Composites of Crown Flower/Nano SiO2/4ZnO·B2O3·H2O under Cryogenic Conditions: an Experimental Study. Silicon 16, 3281–3295 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-024-02926-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-024-02926-9