Abstract
The chemical composition of thermal springs from Siwana Ring Complex (SRC) of Barmer district, Rajasthan, India has been investigated for the first time. These springs are near neutral to mildly alkaline (pH = 6.8 to 7.8) in nature with surface temperatures varying between 31 to 39 °C. Piper diagram suggests that these thermal springs are dominated by Ca-HCO3 type. Experimental results of water-rock interaction at 100 °C indicate that the thermal springs are circulating through tuff and a sedimentary formation extensively controlled by ring dykes of granites, felsic volcanics and mafic dyke and the fault systems associated with the host rock. Groundwater and thermal springs show similar characteristics. Estimated reservoir temperature suggests that Siwana area geothermal system is a low enthalpy system. Heat flow values of the area range from 83 to 205 mWm−2, promise a viable potential for Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS).
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Arnorsson, S. (2000) Isotopic and chemical techniques in geothermal exploration, development and use. International Atomic Energy Agency.
APHA, AWWA and WEF (2005) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 21st edition, American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA) & Water Environment Federation (WEF), United States of America.
Appelo, C.A.J. and Postma, D. (2005) atGeochemistry, groundwater and pollution, 2nd Edition. A.A. Balkema Publisher, Leiden, The Netherlands a member of Taylor & Francis Group plc. 1-634
Arora, K., Suman, K., Dixit, M.M. and Sarkar, D. (2011) Jaisalmer Basin of Western Rajasthan: A Gravity Perspective. GEO India.
Awasthi, A.M. (2002) Geophysical exploration in Jaisalmer Basin-A case history. Geohorizons, pp.1–6
Bertin E.P. (1978) Introduction to X-ray Spectrometric Analysis. Plenum Press, New York.
Bhushan, S.K. and Mohanty, M. (1988) Mechanics of intrusion and geochemistry of alkaline granites from Siwana, Barmer district, Rajasthan. Indian Jour. Earth Sci., v.15(2), pp.103–115.
Bhushan, S.K. (1991) Granitoids of Malani Igneous Complex Western Rajasthan. Indian Jour. Earth Sci., v.18(3–4), pp.184–194.
Bhushan, S.K. and Chittora, V.K. (1999) Late Proterozoic bimodal volcanic assemblage of Siwana subsidence structure, Western Rajasthan, India. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.53(4), pp.433–452.
Bhushan, S.K. (2000) Malani rhyolites: A Review. Gondwana Res., v.3(1), pp.65–77.
Cermak, V., Huckenholz, H.G., Rybach, L. and Schmid, R. (1982) Radioactive heat generation in rocks. In: K. Hellwege (Ed.), Landolt-Bornstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology. New Series, Group V. Geophysics and Space Research, vol.1.
Crawford, A.R. and Compston, W. (1970) The age of the Vindhyan system of Peninsular India. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, v.125(1), pp.351–372.
Eby, G.N. and Kochhar, N. (1990) Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Malani Igneous Suite, north Peninsular India. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.36(2), pp.109–130.
Fournier, R.O. (1973) Silica in thermal waters: Laboratory and field investigations. Proceedings International Symposium on hydrogeochemistry and biogeochemistry, Tokyo, pp.122–139.
Fournier, R.O. and Truesdell, A.H. (1970) Geochemical indicators of subsurface temperature applied to hot spring waters of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, U.S.A. (Proc. U.N. Symp. on the Development and Utilization of Geothermal Resources, Pisa). Geothermics Spec. Issue, v.2, pp.529–535.
Fournier, R.O. and Truesdell, A.H. (1973) An empirical Na-KCa geothermometer for natural water. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta., v.37, pp.1255–1275.
Giggenbach, W.F., Gonfiantini, R., Jangi, B.L. and Truesdell, A.H. (1983) Isotopic and chemical composition of Parbati Valley geothermal discharges, NW-Himalaya, India. Geothermics, v.12, pp.199–222.
GSI (2006) Bouguer Gravity Anomalies (Terrain Corrected) superposed on geological map of India: A collaborative project of GSI, NGRI, ONGC, SOI and OIL scale 1:2000000
Kochhar, N. (1984) Malani Igneous Suite: Hot spot magmatism and cratonization of the northern part of the Indian shield. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.25(3), pp.155–161.
Kochhar, N. (1989) High heat producing granites of the Malani Igneous Suite, ‘Northern Peninsular India. Indian Minerals, v.43(3–4), pp.339–346.
Kochhar, N. (2000) Attributes and Significance of the A-Type Malani Magmatism, Northwestern Peninsular India. In: M. Deb (Eds.), Crustal Evolution and Metallogeny in the Northwestern Indian Shield. Narosa Publicing House, New Delhi, pp.158–188.
Lachenbruch, A.H. (1968) Preliminary Geothermal Model of the Sierra Nevada. Jour. Geophys. Res., v.73, pp.6977–6989.
Marini, L. (2000) Geochemical techniques for the exploration and exploration of geothermal energy. Universita degli Studi di Genova, Italia
Pareek, H.S. (1981) Petrochemistry and petrogenesis of the Malani Igneous Suite, India. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., v.92, pp.206–273.
Pascoe, E.H. (1960) Manual of the geology of India and Burma, Geol. Surv. India, v.2, pp.553–560.
Piper, M. (1944) A graphical procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water-analysis.Amer. Geophys. Union, v.25, pp.914–923.
Roy, A.B. and Jakhar, S.R. (2002) Geology of Rajasthan (Northwest India) Precambrian to Recent. Scientific Publishers (India), Jodhpur, pp.245–269.
Rybach, L. (1976) Radioactive Heat Production: A Physical Property Determined by the Chemistry in the Physical and Chemistry of Minerals and Rocks. In: R.G.J. Strens (Ed.), A Wiley-Interscience publication, New York.
Satyavani, N., Dixit, M.M. and Reddy, P.R. (2004) Crustal structure of Delhi Fold Belt, India, from seismic reflection data. Curr. Sci., v.86(7), pp.991–999.
Singh, A.K. and Vallinayagam, G. (2002) Geochemistry and petrogenesis of granite in Kundal Area, Malani Igneous Suite, Western Rajasthan. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.60(8), pp.183–192.
Singh, L.G. and Vallinayagam, G. (2012) Petrological and geochemical constraints in the origin and associated mineralization of A-Type granite suite of the Dhiran area, Northwestern Peninsular India. Geosciences, v.2(4), pp.66–80.
Singh, A.K., Singh, R.K.B. and Vallinayagam, G. (2006) Anorogenic Acid Volcanic rocks in the Kundal area of the Malani Igneous Suite, Northwesten India: geochemical and petrogenetic studies. Jour. Asian Earth Sci., v.27, pp.544–557.
Tripathi, R.P., Mathur, S.C., Trupti, G. and Chandrasekharam, D., 2010: Occurrence of stishovite in the Precambrian Siwana Volcanic Province, Western Rajasthan, India. Curr. Sci., v.98(1), pp.30–32.
Truesdel, A.H. (1975) Summary of section III- geochemical techniques in exploration. Proceedings, Second U.N. Symp. on the Development and Use of Geothermal Resources, San Francisco, 1, liii–lxiii.
Turcotte, D.L. and Schubert, G. (2002) Geodynamics (2 ed.), Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp.237–351, ISBN 978-0-521-66624-4
Vallinayagam, G. (2004) Peralkaline-peraluminous, A-type rhyolites, Siwana Ring Complex, Northwestern India: Petrogenetic modelling and tectonic implications. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.64(9), pp.336–344.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Singh, H.K., Garg, G.C., Chandrasekharam, D. et al. Physicochemical evolution of the thermal springs over the Siwana Ring Complex, western Rajasthan. J Geol Soc India 84, 668–674 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-014-0177-0
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-014-0177-0