Abstract
This paper presents the review of studies performed to investigate the behavior of Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams containing different types of openings. For the last 4 decades, research works involved the investigation of the member strength and development of the design approach for simply supported, continuous and T-beams containing large rectangular openings subjected to torsion, bending and shear forces. The proposed design method suggested the installation of diagonal steel reinforcement bars around the opening for providing the required strength. In recent years, Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) have been widely used as an external bonded reinforcement system for upgrading and retrofitting of concrete structures. FRP as externally bonded reinforcement mainly used to repair and retrofit the damaged reinforced concrete member. However, very limited studies showed the application of the FRP laminates as external reinforcement around openings. Therefore, further investigations regarding the application of FRP laminates to strengthen the large openings in reinforced concrete members are very vital.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Abdalla, H. A., Torkey, A. M., Haggag, H. A., and Abu-Amira, A. F. (2003). “Design against cracking at openings in reinforced concrete beams strengthened with composite sheets.” Composite Structures, Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 197–204.
Alagusundaramoorthy, P., Harik, I. E., Asce, M., and Choo, C. C. (2003). “Flexural behavior of r/c beams strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer sheets or fabric.” Journal of Composites for Construction, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 292–301.
Allam, S. M. (2005). “Strengthening of RC beams with large openings in the shear zone.” Alexandria Engineering Journal, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 59–78.
Allam, S. M. and Ebeido, T. I. (2003). “Retrofitting of RC beams predamaged in shear using cfrp sheets.” Alexandria Engineering Journal, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 87–101.
Alwis, W. A. M. and Mansur, M. A. (1987). “Torsional strength of r/c beams containing rectangular openings.” Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 113, No. 11, pp. 2248–2258.
Ashour, A. F., El-Refaie, S. A., and Garrity, S. W. (2004). “Flexural strengthening of RC continuous beams using cfrp laminates.” Cement & Concrete Composites, Vol. 26, No. 7, pp. 765–775.
El Maaddawy, T. and Sherif, S. (2009). “FRP composites for shear strengthening of reinforced concrete deep beams with openings.” Composite Structures, Vol. 89, No. 1, pp. 60–69.
Franca, P., Costa, A., and Appleton, J. (2007). “Pre-stressed cfrp laminates for flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete beams.” Structural Concrete, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 175–185.
Grace, N. F., Sayed, G. A., Soliman, A. K., and Saleh, K. R. (1999). “Strengthening reinforced concrete beams using fiber reinforced polymer (frp) laminates.” ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 96, No. 5, pp. 865–875.
Hasnat, A. and Akhtaruzzaman, A. A. (1987). “Beams with small rectangular opening under torsion, bending, and shear.” Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 113, No. 10, pp. 2253–2270.
Islam, M., Mansur, M. A., and Maalej, M. (2005). “Shear strengthening of rc deep beams using externally bonded frp systems.” Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 413–420.
Kachlakev, D. and McCurry, D. D. (2000). “Behavior of full-scale reinforced concrete beams retrofitted for shear and flexural with frp laminates.” Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 31, Nos. 6–7, pp. 445–452.
Khalifa, A., Gold, W. J., Nanni, A., and Aziz, M. I. (1998). “Contribution of externally bonded frp to shear capacity of rc flexural members.” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 195–202.
Li, A., Assih, J., and Yves, D. (2001). “Shear strengthening of rc beams with externally bonded cfrp sheets.” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE., Vol. 127, No. 4, pp. 374–380.
Lorensten, M. (1962). “Holes in reinforced concrete girders.” Byggmastaren, Vol. 41, No. 7, pp. 141–152.
Madkour, H. (2009). “Non-linear analysis of strengthened rc beams with web openings.” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Structures and Buildings, Vol. 162, No. 2, pp. 115–128.
Mahmoud, L., Shafiq, N., Nuruddin, M. F., and Thanoon, A. M. W. (2009). “Fatigue behavior of CFRP-to-concrete joints under shear action.” Proceedings of ICE-Structures and Buildings, Vol. 162,, No. SB1, pp. 1–10.
Mansur, M. A. (1983). “Combined bending and torsion in reinforced concrete beams with rectangular openings.” Concrete International: Design and Construction, Vol. 5, No. 11, pp. 51–58.
Mansur, M. A. (1998). “Effect of openings on the behavior and strength of r/c beams in shear.” Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 477–486.
Mansur, M. A. (1999). “Design of reinforced concrete beams with small openings under combined loading.” ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 96, No. 5, pp. 675–682.
Mansur, M. A. (2006). “Design of reinforced concrete beams with web openings.” Proceedings of the 6th Asia-Pacific Structural Engineering and Construction Conference (ASPEC 2006), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp. 104–120.
Mansur, M. A., Huang, L. M., Tan, K. H., and Lee, S. L. (1992). “Deflections of reinforced concrete beams with web openings.” ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 89, No. 4, pp. 391–397.
Mansur, M. A., Lee, Y. F., Tan, K. H., and Lee, S. L. (1991). “Tests on rc continuous beams with openings.” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 117, No. 6, pp. 1593–1606.
Mansur, M. A. and Paramasivam, P. (1984). “Reinforced concrete beams with small opening in bending and torsion.” ACI Journal, Vol. 81, No. 2, pp. 180–185.
Mansur, M. A. and Tan, K. H. (1999). Concrete beams with openings: Analysis and design, CRC Press LLC, United States of America.
Mansur, M. A., Tan, K. H., and Lee, S. L. (1984). “Collapse loads of r/c beams with large openings.” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE., Vol. 110, No. 11, pp. 2602–2618.
Mansur, M. A., Tan, K. H., and Lee, S. L. (1985). “Design method for reinforced concrete beams with large openings.” ACI Journal, Vol. 82, No. 4, pp. 517–524.
Mansur, M. A., Tan, K. H., Lee, Y. F., and Lee, S. L. (1991). “Piecewise linear behavior of rc beams with openings.” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 117, No. 6, pp. 1607–1621.
Mansur, M. A., Tan, K. H., and Wei, W. (1999). “Effects of creating an opening in existing beams.” ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 96, No. 6, pp. 899–906.
Mansur, M. A., Tan, K. H., and Weng, W. (2006). “Analysis of concrete beams with circular web openings using strut-and-tie models.” Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 89–98.
Mansur, M. A., Ting, S. K., and Lee, S. L. (1983a). “Torsion tests of r/c beams with large openings.” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 109, No. 8, pp. 1780–1791.
Mansur, M. A., Ting, S. K., and Lee, S. L. (1983b). “Ultimate torque of r/c beams with large openings.” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE., Vol. 109, No. 8, pp. 1887–1902.
McMullen, A. E. and Daniel, H. R. (1975). “Torsional strength of longitudinally reinforced beams containing an opening.” ACI Journal, N. 72–29, pp. 415–420.
Nasser, K. W., Acavalos, A., and Daniel, H. R. (1967). “Behavior and design of large openings in reinforced concrete beams.” ACI Proceedings, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 25–33.
Norris, T., Saadatmanesh, H., and Ehsani, M. R. (1997). “Shear and flexural strengthening of r/c beams with carbon fiber sheets.” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 123, No. 7, pp. 903–911.
Pimanmas, A. (2010). “Strengthening r/c beams with opening by externally installed frp rods: Behavior and analysis.” Composite Structures, Vol. 92, No. 8, pp. 1957–1976.
Ragan, H. S. and Warwaruk, J. (1967). “Tee members with large web openings.” Journal of the Prestressed Concrete Institute, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 52–65.
Rose, A. L., Suguna K., and Ragunath, P. N. (2009). “Strengthening of corrosion-damaged reinforced concrete beams with glass fiber reinforced polymer laminates.” Journal of Computer Science, Vol. 5, No. 6, pp. 435–439.
Ross, C. A., Jerome, D. M., Tedesco, J. W., and Hughes, M. L. (1999). “Strengthening of reinforced concrete beams with externally bonded composite laminates.” ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 96, No. 2, pp. 212–221.
Santhakumar, R., Chandrasekaran, E., and Dhanaraj, R. (2004). “Analysis of retrofitted reinforced concrete shear beams using carbon fiber composites.” Electron. J. Struct. Eng., Vol. 4, pp. 66–74.
Somes, N. F. and Corley, W. G. (1974). “Circular openings in webs of continuous beams.” Shear in Reinforced Concrete, SP-42, Vol. 1, pp. 359–398.
Tan, K. H. and Mansur, M. A. (1996). “Design procedure for reinforced concrete beams with large web openings.” ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 93, No. 4, pp. 404–411.
Tan, K. H., Mansur, M. A., and Huang, L. M. (1996). “Reinforced concrete t-beams with large web openings in positive and negative moment regions.” ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 93, No. 3, pp. 277–289.
Tan, K. H., Mansur, M. A., and Wei, W. (2001). “Design of reinforced concrete beams with circular openings.” ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 98, No. 3, pp. 407–415.
Zhang, Z., Hsu, C.-T. and Moren, J. (2004). “Shear strengthening of reinforced concrete deep beams using carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates.” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 403–414.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chin, S.C., Shafiq, N. & Nuruddin, M.F. FRP as strengthening material for Reinforced Concrete beams with openings — A review. KSCE J Civ Eng 19, 213–219 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-011-0162-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-011-0162-8