Résumé
Contrairement à certaines idées reçues, le sujet entraîné en endurance n’est pas en hypercorticisme permanent, mais représente un modèle d’adaptation à des périodes d’hypercortisolisme transitoire. Cependant, la mesure du cortisol plasmatique, principal marqueur utilisé pour l’évaluation de l’activité et de la réactivité de l’axe corticotrope, n’est pas toujours suffisante pour explorer les adaptations liées à l’entraînement chez le sportif. La sensibilité tissulaire aux glucocorticoïdes, la fraction libre du cortisol et l’activité enzymatique de la 11β-HSD sont des paramètres très peu étudiés chez le sportif et pourtant importants à prendre en compte pour une exploration fine de l’axe corticotrope. Les propriétés physiologiques du cortisol sont parfois utilisées à des fins thérapeutiques chez le sportif, voire à des fins de dopage, avec des risques pour la santé qui justifient de limiter et de surveiller son usage.
Abstract
Contrary to popular belief, endurance training does not imply hypercortisolism but represents a model of successful adaptation to repeated activation of the HPA axis. Although it is standard practice to determine plasma cortisol levels in assessing HPA-axis activity and reactivity, this is not always sufficient for exploring training-induced adaptations. The sensitivity of tissues to glucocorticoids, the levels of serum free cortisol and the enzymatic activity of 11β-HSD are parameters that investigators have paid little attention to in sports enthusiasts, although those factors can help increase our understanding of the fine details of HPA-axis physiology. The physiological properties of cortisol are sometimes used for both treating athletes or doping, which involve increased health risks that call for limiting and monitoring the use of glucocorticoids.
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Duclos, M. Corticoïdes et pratique sportive intense. Bio trib. mag. 26, 9–20 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11834-008-0051-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11834-008-0051-8