Abstract
This study investigated the detoxification of water contaminated with hexavalent chromium through a catalytic electrochemical reduction process using metallic foam cathodes. To select the proper materials to be used in a continuous electrochemical cell, batch experiments were performed on copper and nickel metallic foams, as potential cathodes, in the presence and absence of a coating layer of either palladium or silver nanoparticles, as potential catalysts. Regarding the results, copper foam and copper foam coated with palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) were chosen. Next, the effects of parameters including pH, flow rate, electrical current intensity, and the initial concentration of hexavalent chromium were studied utilizing the continuous column of copper foam before and after adding PdNPs. The response surface methodology and the Box-Behnken Design approach were applied to optimize the significant parameters. Results indicated that the palladium nanocatalyst has significant effects on reduction efficiency. Through further experiments, we also found that the presence of nitrate and other coexisting ions has negligible impact on reduction efficiency. The optimum charts of chromium reduction were plotted based on the results. A sample optimum point gives a 97.8% reduction efficiency at pH=7, flow rate=50 mL min−1, initial concentration=0.45 mg L−1, and electric current of 0.3 A.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
WEF, The Global Risks Report 2022, World Economic Forum (2022).
C. F. Carolin, P. S. Kumar, A. Saravanan, G. J. Joshiba and M. Naushad, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 5, 2782 (2017).
A. Jawed, V. Saxena and L. M. Pandey, J. Water Process Eng., 33, 101009 (2020).
USEPA, Chromium in Drinking Water (2022).
J. Regan, N. Dushaj and G. Stinch, ACS OMEGA 11554 (2019).
Z. Ye, X. Yin, L. Chen, X. He, Z. Lin, C. Liu, S. Ning, X. Wang and Y. Wei, J. Clean. Prod., 236, 117631 (2019).
N. Liu, Y. Zhang, C. Xu, P. Liu, J. Lv, Y. Liu and Q. Wang, J. Hazard. Mater., 384, 121371 (2020).
Z. H. Farooqi, M. W. Akram, R. Begum, W. Wu and A. Irfan, J. Hazard. Mater., 402, 123535 (2020).
P. Liu, X. Wang, J. Ma, H. Liu and P. Ning, Chemosphere, 220, 1003 (2019).
WHO, Guidelines for drinking-water quality, World Health Organization (2022).
J. C. Almeida, C. E. D. Cardoso, D. S. Tavares, R. Freitas, T. Trindade, C. Vale and E. Pereira, TrAC — Trends Anal. Chem., 118, 277 (2019).
K. Simeonidis, E. Kaprara, T. Samaras, M. Angelakeris, N. Pliatsikas, G. Vourlias, M. Mitrakas and N. Andritsos, Sci. Total Environ., 535, 61 (2015).
A. Addala, M. Boudiaf, M. Elektorowicz, E. Bentouhami and Y. Bengeurba, Water Sci Technol., 84, 1206 (2021).
L. Zhang, W. Niu, J. Sun and Q. Zhou, Chemosphere, 248, 126102 (2020).
A. K. Mallik, A. Moktadir, A. Rahman and M. Mizanur, J. Hazard. Mater., 423, 127041 (2022).
S. Jamshidifard, S. Koushkbaghi, S. Hosseini, S. Rezaei, A. Karamipour, A. Jafari rad and M. Irani, J. Hazard. Mater., 368, 10 (2019).
V. Kumar and S. K. Dwivedi, J. Clean. Prod., 295, 126229 (2021).
X. Yang, Z. Zhao, G. Zhang, S. Hirayama, B. Van Nguyen, Z. Lei, K. Shimizu and Z. Zhang, J. Hazard. Mater., 414, 125479 (2021).
C. Su, S. Wang, Z. Zhou, H. Wang, X. Xie, Y. Yang, Y. Feng, W. Liu and P. Liu, Sci. Total Environ., 768, 144604 (2021).
F. Yao, M. Jia, Q. Yang, K. Luo, F. Chen, Y. Zhong, L. He, Z. Pi, K. Hou, D. Wang and X. Li, Chemosphere, 260, 127537 (2020).
C. Barrera-Díaz, V. Lugo-Lugo, G. Roa-Morales, R. Natividad and S. A. Martínez-Delgadillo, J. Hazard. Mater., 185, 1362 (2011).
P. Kuang, C. Feng, M. Li, N. Chen, Q. Hu, G. Wang and R. Li, J. Electrochem. Soc., 164, E103 (2017).
W. Huang, M. Li, B. Zhang, C. Feng, X. Lei and B. Xu, Water Environ. Res., 85, 224 (2013).
M. G. Dipen Kumar Rajak, An insight into metal based foams: processing, properties and applications, Springer Singapore (2020).
L. Rajic, N. Fallahpour, E. Podlaha and A. Alshawabkeh, Chemosphere, 147, 98 (2016).
C.-C. Ho, J.-S. Yu, S.-W. Yang, V. Ya, H. A. Le, L.-P. Cheng, K.-H. Choo and C.-W. Li, J. Water Process Eng., 42, 102191 (2021).
W. Jin, H. Du, S. Zheng and Y. Zhang, Electrochim. Acta, 191, 1044 (2016).
K. Govindan, M. Noel and R. Mohan, J. Water Process Eng., 6, 58 (2015).
L. Rajic, N. Fallahpour, E. Podlaha and A. Alshawabkeh, Chemosphere, 147, 98 (2016).
R. Mao, X. Zhao, H. Lan, H. Liu and J. Qu, Water Res., 77, 1 (2015).
W. Yang, S. Yang, W. Sun, G. Sun and Q. Xin, J. Power Sources, 160, 1420 (2006).
S. Bajpai, S. K. Gupta, A. Dey, M. K. Jha, V. Bajpai, S. Joshi and A. Gupta, J. Hazard. Mater., 227–228, 436 (2012).
T. Mitra, B. Singha, N. Bar and S. K. Das, J. Hazard. Mater., 273, 94 (2014).
J. Li, H. Wang, L. Wang, C. Ma, C. Luan, B. Zhao, Z. Zhang, H. Zhang, X. Cheng and J. Liu, Catalysts, 8, 378 (2018).
S. Tabatabaei, B. Forouzesh Rad and M. Baghdadi, Chemosphere, 251, 126309 (2020).
M. Jain, V. K. Garg and K. Kadirvelu, Bioresour. Technol., 102, 600 (2011).
S. Mandal, S. S. Mahapatra and R. K. Patel, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 3, 870 (2015).
A. Li, X. Zhao, Y. Hou, H. Liu, L. Wu and J. Qu, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 111–112, 628 (2012).
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the grant provided by the School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Supporting Information
Additional information as noted in the text. This information is available via the Internet at http://springer.com/chemistry/journal/11814.
Supporting Information
11814_2022_1345_MOESM1_ESM.pdf
Detoxification of groundwater contaminated with Cr(VI) using continuous electrochemical cell equipped with copper foam electrode modified with palladium nanoparticles
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kanafi, M.A., Baghdadi, M. & Mehrdadi, N. Detoxification of groundwater contaminated with Cr(VI) using continuous electrochemical cell equipped with copper foam electrode modified with palladium nanoparticles. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 40, 1077–1085 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-022-1345-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-022-1345-3