Abstract
Recently, the in-situ removal of contaminants by iron nanoparticles has been considered due to their non-toxicity, abundance, ease of production, and cost-effectiveness, which can be accomplished by injecting them underground. In this study, nZVI was synthesized using a novel continuous synthesis method using flaxseed glaze as a green, non-toxic, and low-priced coating. The produced nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic diffraction analysis (DLS), field electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of Cr(VI) concentration, FG-nZVI dosage, pH, and coexisting components (Total dissolved solids, Humic acid, and NO −3 ) on Cr(VI) removal. Results of the characterization and identification, and stability tests indicated that nanoparticles synthesized by using this continuous synthesis system were smaller and more regular shaped than those prepared by conventional synthesis. According to the results, the Cr(VI) residual level increased by increasing the initial Cr(VI) concentration and decreased by increasing the nZVI coated with flaxseed glaze (FG-nZVI) dosage. At the Cr(VI) initial concentration of 4 mg L−1, the Cr(VI) was removed entirely at almost all dosages of FG-nZVI. Optimal amount of FG-nZVI was 62.73 mg L−1 when applied at 4 mg L−1 of Cr(VI) at optimum pH 6.64, resulting in the Cr(VI) residual concentration of 0.05 mg L−1. The results of saturated porous media showed that injection background solutions enhanced the transfer of nanoparticles in the porous medium, resulting in the adequate removal along the desired radius. The results illustrated that using FG-nZVI can be effective for practical groundwater remediation.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
S. Chandra, L. K. S. Chauhan, P. N. Pande and S. K. Gupta, Environ. Toxicol., 19, 129 (2004).
G. T. Rao, V. V. S. G. Rao, K. Ranganathan, L. Surinaidu, J. Mahesh and G. Ramesh, Hydrogeol. J., 19, 1587 (2011).
J. Zhang, X. Zhang, T. Zhou, Y. Huang and L. Zhao, J. Clean. Prod., 315, 128219 (2021).
S. N. Malik, S. M. Khan, P. C. Ghosh, A. N. Vaidya, G. Kanade and S. N. Mudliar, Sci. Total Environ., 678, 114 (2019).
Q. Yu, J. Guo, Y. Muhammad, Q. Li, Z. Lu, J. Yun and Y. Liang, J. Environ. Manage., 276, 111245 (2020).
D. Blowes, Science (80-.). 295, 2024 (2002).
R. Fu, X. Zhang, Z. Xu, X. Guo, D. Bi and W. Zhang, Sep. Purif. Technol., 174, 362 (2017).
I. Maamoun, O. Eljamal, O. Falyouna, R. Eljamal and Y. Sugihara, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 200, 110773 (2020).
I. Maamoun, O. Falyouna, R. Eljamal, K. Bensaida and O. Eljamal, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Dev., 12, 131 (2021).
P. Liu, X. Wang, J. Ma, H. Liu and P. Ning, Chemosphere, 220, 1003 (2019).
J. Li, M. Fan, M. Li and X. Liu, Sci. Total Environ., 717, 137112 (2020).
H. Peng and J. Guo, Environ. Chem. Lett., 18, 2055 (2020).
A. R. Esfahani, A. F. Firouzi, G. Sayyad and A. R. Kiasat, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 20, 2671 (2014).
M. Velimirovic, D. Schmid, S. Wagner, V. Micić, F. von der Kammer and T. Hofmann, Sci. Total Environ., 563–564, 713 (2016).
R. Xing, W. Wang, T. Jiao, K. Ma, Q. Zhang, W. Hong, H. Qiu, J. Zhou, L. Zhang and Q. Peng, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 5, 4948 (2017).
R. Guo, T. Jiao, R. Li, Y. Chen, W. Guo, L. Zhang, J. Zhou, Q. Zhang and Q. Peng, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 6, 1279 (2018).
R. Xing, W. Wang, T. Jiao, K. Ma, Q. Zhang, W. Hong, H. Qiu, J. Zhou, L. Zhang and Q. Peng, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng, 5, 4948 (2017).
H. Dong, Y. Xie, G. Zeng, L. Tang, J. Liang, Q. He, F. Zhao, Y. Zeng and Y. Wu, Chemosphere, 144, 1682 (2016).
A. V. B. Reddy, Z. Yusop, J. Jaafar, Y. V. M. Reddy, A. Bin Aris, Z. A. Majid, J. Talib and G. Madhavi, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 4, 3537 (2016).
H. Dong, Y. Zeng, G. Zeng, D. Huang, J. Iiang, F. Zhao, Q. He, Y. Xie and Y. Wu, Sep. Purif. Technol., 165, 86 (2016).
C. Jiao, Y. Cheng, W. Fan and J. Li, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 12, 1603 (2015).
Z. Li, S. Xu, G. Xiao, L. Qian and Y. Song, J. Environ. Manage, 244, 33 (2019).
X. Lv, X. Xue, G. Jiang, D. Wu, T. Sheng, H. Zhou and X. Xu, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 417, 51 (2014).
W. Liu, J. Bai, Z. Chi, L. Ren and J. Dong, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 9, 104987 (2021).
R. Li, H. Dong, R. Tian, J. Chen and Q. Xie, Sep. Purif. Technol., 250, 117230 (2020).
J. Deng, H. Dong, L. Li, Y. Wang, Q. Ning, B. Wang and G. Zeng, Sep. Purif. Technol., 227, 115731 (2019).
J. Liu, A. Liu and W-x. Zhang, Chem. Eng. J., 303, 268 (2016).
I. Maamoun, O. Eljamal, O. Falyouna, R. Eljamal and Y. Sugihara, Water Sci. Technol., 80, 1996 (2019).
I. Maamoun, R. Eljamal, O. Falyouna, K. Bensaida, Y. Sugihara and O. Eljamal, J. Mol. Liq., 328, 115402 (2021).
O. Falyouna, I. Maamoun, K. Bensaida, A. Tahara, Y. Sugihara and O. Eljamal, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 605, 813 (2022).
J. F. Gao, H. Y. Li, K. L. Pan and C. Y. Si, RSC Adv. (2016).
X. Zhao, W. Liu, Z. Cai, B. Han, T. Qian and D. Zhao, Water Res., 100, 245 (2016).
S. Bhattacharjee, M. Basnet, N. Tufenkji and S. Ghoshal, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 1812 (2016).
H. Dong, Q. He, G. Zeng, L. Tang, C. Zhang, Y. Xie, Y. Zeng, F. Zhao and Y. Wu, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 471, 7 (2016).
H. Dong, Y. Cheng, Y. Lu, K. Hou, L. Zhang, L. Li, B. Wang, Y. Wang, Q. Ning and G. Zeng, Sep. Purif. Technol., 210, 504 (2019).
H. Dong, L. Li, Y. Wang, Q. Ning, B. Wang and G. Zeng, Water Environ. Res., 92, 646 (2020).
Y. Cheng, H. Dong, Y. Lu, K. Hou, Y. Wang, Q. Ning, L. Li, B. Wang, L. Zhang and G. Zeng, Chemosphere, 220, 523 (2019).
R. Eljamal, O. Eljamal, I. Maamoun, G. Yilma and Y. Sugihara, J. Mol. Liq., 315, 113714 (2020).
J. Adusei-Gyamfi and V. Acha, RSC Adv., 6, 91025 (2016).
Q. Wang, H. Qian, Y. Yang, Z. Zhang, C. Naman and X. Xu, J. Contam. Hydrol., 114, 35 (2010).
M. Stefaniuk, P. Oleszczuk and Y. S. Ok, Chem. Eng. J., 287, 618 (2016).
C. Mystrioti, A. Xenidis and N. Papassiopi, Desalin. Water Treat., 56, 1162 (2015).
Technical/Regulatory Guidance Permeable Reactive Barrier: Technology Update PRB-5 (2011).
H. M. Abd El-Aziz, R. S. Farag and S. A. Abdel-Gawad, Nanotechnol. Environ. Eng., 5, 1 (2020).
S. M. Mirbahoush, N. Chaibakhsh and Z. Moradi-Shoeili, Chemosphere, 231, 51 (2019).
R. Yadav, A. K. Sharma and J. N. Babu, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 4, 681 (2016).
P. Anju Rose Puthukkara, T. Sunil Jose and S. Dinoop lal, Environ. Nanotechnol., Monit. Manag., 14, 100295 (2020).
M. H. Dehghani, R. R. Karri, M. Alimohammadi, S. Nazmara, A. Zarei and Z. Saeedi, J. Mol. Liq., 311, 113317 (2020).
S. N. Malik, P. C. Ghosh, A. N. Vaidya and S. N. Mudliar, J. Hazard. Mater., 357, 363 (2018).
K. M. Tripathi, T. S. Tran, Y. J. Kim and T. Y. Kim, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 5, 3982 (2017).
V. V. Thekkae Padil, J. Filip, K. I. Suresh, S. Waclawek and M. Černík, RSC Adv., 6, 110288 (2016).
H. Su, Z. Fang, P. E. Tsang, L. Zheng, W. Cheng, J. Fang and D. Zhao, J. Hazard. Mater., 318, 533 (2016).
H. Song, W. Liu, F. Meng, Q. Yang and N. Guo, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18, 5921 (2021).
D. Jiang, D. Huang, C. Lai, P. Xu, G. Zeng, J. Wan, L. Tang, H. Dong, B. Huang and T. Hu, Sci. Total Environ., 644, 1181 (2018).
A. Ramazanpour Esfahani and A. Farrokhian Firouzi, Desalin. Water Treat., 57, 15424 (2016).
C. Yang, C. Ge, X. Li, L. Li, B. Wang, A. Lin and W. Yang, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 208, 111552 (2021).
F. Zhu, S. Ma, T. Liu and X. Deng, J. Clean. Prod., 174, 184 (2018).
Q. Wang, H. Qian, Y. Yang, Z. Zhang, C. Naman and X. Xu, J. Contam. Hydrol., 114, 35 (2010).
Y. Cheng, H. Dong and T. Hao, Sep. Purif. Technol., 257, 117967 (2021).
P. Anju Rose Puthukkara, T. Sunil Jose and S. Dinoop lal, Environ. Nanotechnol., Monit. Manag., 14, 100295 (2020).
Z. Xiao, H. Zhang, Y. Xu, M. Yuan, X. Jing, J. Huang, Q. Li and D. Sun, Sep. Purif. Technol., 147, 466 (2017).
F. Zhu, L. Li, W. Ren, X. Deng and T. Liu, Environ. Pollut., 227, 444 (2017).
Z. Li, S. Xu, G. Xiao, L. Qian and Y. Song, J. Environ. Manage., 244, 33 (2019).
X. Qiu, Z. Fang, X. Yan, F. Gu and F. Jiang, Chem. Eng. J., 193–194, 358 (2012).
J. Yang, S. Wang, N. Xu, Z. Ye, H. Yang and X. Huangfu, J. Hazard. Mater., 419, 126461 (2021).
B. I. Kharisov, H. V. Rasika Dias, O. V. Kharissova, V. Manuel Jiménez-Pérez, B. Olvera Pérez and B. Muñoz Flores, RSC Adv., 2, 9325 (2012).
Y. S. El-Temsah and E. J. Joner, Chemosphere, 89, 76 (2012).
R. J. Barnes, C. J. van der Gast, O. Riba, L. E. Lehtovirta, J. I. Prosser, P. J. Dobson and I. P. Thompson, J. Hazard. Mater., 184, 73 (2010).
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Nanotechnology Research Center of the School of the Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Supporting Information
Additional information as noted in the text. This information is available via the Internet at http://www.springer.com/chemistry/journal/11814.
Supporting Information
11814_2022_1069_MOESM1_ESM.pdf
The removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous and saturated porous media by nanoscale zero-valent iron stabilized with flaxseed gum extract: Synthesis by continuous flow injection method
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Izadi, N., Ali, B.H., Shahin, M.S. et al. The removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous and saturated porous media by nanoscale zero-valent iron stabilized with flaxseed gum extract: Synthesis by continuous flow injection method. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 39, 2217–2228 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-022-1069-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-022-1069-4