Abstract
Walnut shell, an agricultural waste, has not been efficiently utilized so far. In this paper, walnut shell was liquefied first, followed by characterization of XPS and ATR-FTIR. It is shown that syringylphenol and guaiacylphenol are contained in the walnut shell. A novel organic solvent resistant nanofiltration (OSN) membrane was prepared by liquefied walnut shell (LWP) and trimethyl chloride (TMC) on the crosslinked polyetherimide substrate via interfacial polymerization method. The results showed that LWP and TMC formed polyarylester toplayer. The NF-2LWP membrane maintained stable N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) permeance of 2.2 L m−2 h−1 MPa−1 and rejection of 98% for crystal violet (CV, 407.98 g mol−1) in 36 hours continuous separation process. Furthermore, guaiacol (GA), a component of LWP, was used to prepare an OSN membrane, Compared with NF-LWP membrane, NF-GA membrane shows good performance in the separation of tetrahydrofuran (THF) with the rejection of 96% for rose bengal (RB, 1,017.64 g mol−1) and the permeance of 76 L m−2 h−1 MPa−1. This study not only provides a good way for the efficient recycling of walnut shell, but also provides a new component for the preparation of polyarylester OSN membrane.
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Abbreviations
- NF:
-
nanofiltration
- LWP:
-
liquefied walnut shell
- TMC:
-
trimethyl chloride
- AFM:
-
atomic force microscopy
- ATR-IR:
-
attenuated total reflectance-infrared spectroscopy
- DMF:
-
N, N-dimethylformamide
- DLS:
-
dynamic light scattering
- PEG:
-
polyethylene glycol
- GA:
-
guaiacol
- THF:
-
tetrahydrofuran
- SEM:
-
scanning electron microscopy
- rb:
-
rose bengal
- dmso:
-
dimethyl sulfoxide
- LWP-TMC:
-
the membrane prepared with LWP and TMC
- GA-TMC:
-
the membrane prepared with GA and TMC
- A:
-
membrane effective area [cm2]
- C p :
-
the concentrations of the permeated solution [kmol/kg]
- C f :
-
the concentrations of the feed solution [kmol/kg]
- FFV:
-
membrane fraction free volume [-]
- I:
-
the calculated intensity ratio of peaks [-]
- n:
-
an integer number [-]
- P:
-
permeance of the membrane [L m−2 h−1 MPa−1]
- t:
-
the time interval [h]
- R:
-
The rejection (R) of the membrane [-]
- dp:
-
pore size in diameter [nm]
- Mw:
-
molecular weight cut-off [kg/kmol]
- Wavenumber:
-
the spectrum parameter [cm−1]
- RMS:
-
the root mean square [nm]
- Volume:
-
Volume distribution data [percent]
- Z-Average:
-
size distribution by dynamic light scattering [nm]
- θ:
-
the static water contact angle [°]
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program. Grant Number: 202010377024. The authors would like to thank Ze Yan for critically reviewing the manuscript.
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Ayang Zhou: Conceptualization, Resources, Writing, Supervision. Ying Wang: Software, Dandan Cheng: Formal analysis, Mengying Li: Methodology, Lei Wang.: review & editing.
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Zhou, A., Wang, Y., Cheng, D. et al. Effective interfacially polymerized polyarylester solvent resistant nanofiltration membrane from liquefied walnut shell. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 39, 1566–1575 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-021-1048-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-021-1048-1