Abstract
Atmospheric residue from Saudi Arabia light crude oil was subjected to the hydrotreating process in a continuous fixed-bed reactor with hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) catalysts. The detailed molecular composition of the polar heteroatom species in the feedstock and products was determined by electrospray ionization (ESI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) combined with other analytical methods. The ESI FT-ICR MS analysis indicates that the N1 class species have the highest relative abundance. In the hydrotreating process, small neutral N1 class species with high aromaticity and short side chains showed the highest relative abundance and were defined as easily removable compounds. High aromaticity and small molecule basic N1 compounds exhibited higher catalytic activity towards hydrogenation. The N1S1 class species were converted to the N1 class species, or even hydrocarbons, by the preferential removal of the sulfur atoms. Most of the N1O1 class species were difficult to remove, because of their stable chemical structure.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
D. Liu, J. Gui, Y. K. Park, S. Yang, Y. Gao, X. Peng and Z. Sun, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 29, 49 (2012).
K. E. Jeong, T. W. Kim, J. W. Kim, H. J. Chae, C. U. Kim, Y. K. Park and S. Y. Jeong, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 30, 509 (2013).
Y. Sun, C. Yang, H. Shan and B. Shen, Energy Fuels, 25, 269 (2010).
Y. Liu and Y. Zou, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 30, 1985 (2013).
A. Marafi, A. Hauser and A. Stanislaus, Energy Fuels, 20, 1145 (2006).
L. Jiang, Y. Weng and C. Liu, Energy Fuels, 24, 1475 (2010).
M. C. Kim and K. L. Kim, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 13, 1 (1996).
S. I. Andersen, J. O. Jensen and J. G. Speight, Energy Fuels, 19, 2371 (2005).
D. Liu, T. Hou and K. Zheng, J. Fuel Chem. Technol., 41, 579 (2013).
K. Qian, W. K. Robbins, C. A. Hughey, H. J. Cooper, R. P. Rodgers and A. G. Marshall, Energy Fuels, 15, 1505 (2001).
W. Liang and G. Que, Acta Petrolei Sinca (Petroleum Processing Section), 1, 1 (1991).
M. Canel, E. Canel, A. G. Borrego, C. G. Blanco and M. D. Guillén, Fuel Process Technol., 43, 111 (1995).
S. I. Andersen and K. S. Birdi, Fuel Sci. Technol. International, 8, 593 (1990).
J. M. Purcell, C. L. Hendrickson, R. P. Rodgers and A. G. Marshall, Anal. Chem., 78, 5906 (2006).
R. P. Rodgers and A. M. Mckenna, Anal. Chem., 83, 4665 (2011).
F. A. Fernandez-Lima, B. Christopher, A. M. Mckenna, R. P. Rodgers, A. G. Marshall and D. H. Russell, Anal. Chem., 81, 9941 (2009).
B. Amit, T. Haim and M. Daniel, Anal. Chem., 81, 8627 (2009).
K. Qian, R. P. Rodgers, C. L. Hendrickson, M. R. Emmett and A. G. Marshall, Energy Fuels, 15, 492 (2001).
M. J. Teräväinen, J. M. H. Pakarinen, K. Wickström and P. Vainiotalo, Energy Fuels, 21, 266 (2006).
D. F. Smith, G. C. Klein, A. T. Yen, M. P. Squicciarini, R. P. Rodgers and A. G. Marshall, Energy Fuels, 22, 3112 (2008).
Q. Shi, D. Hou, K. H. Chung, S. Zhao and Y. Zhang, Energy Fuels, 24, 2545 (2010).
L. Zhang, Z. Xu, S. Quan, X. Sun, N. Zhang, Y. Zhang, K.H. Chung, C. Xu and S. Zhao, Energy Fuels, 26, 5795 (2012).
Y. Zhang, L. Zhang, Z. Xu, N. Zhang, K. H. Chung, S. Zhao, C. Xu and Q. Shi, Energy Fuels, 28, 7448 (2014).
H. Müller, J. T. Andersson and W. Schrader, Anal. Chem., 77, 2536 (2005).
J. Fu, G. C. Klein, D. F. Smith, S. Kim, R. P. Rodgers, C. L. Hendrickson and A. G. Marshall, Energy Fuels, 20, 1235 (2006).
L. Dong, F. Yue, W. Deng, Q. Shi, K. Ma, T. Hou and C. Wu, Energy Fuels, 26, 624 (2011).
T. Zhang, L. Zhang, Y. Zhou, Q. Wei, K. H. Chung, S. Zhao, C. Xu and Q. Shi, Energy Fuels, 27, 2952 (2013).
J. M. Purcell, I. Merdrignac, R. P. Rodgers, A. G. Marshall, T. Gauthier and I. Guibard, Energy Fuels, 24, 2257 (2009).
M. Liu, M. Wang, L. Zhang, Z. Xu, Y. Chen, X. Guo and S. Zhao, Energy Fuels, 29, 702 (2015).
Q. Shi, C. Xu, S. Zhao, K. H. Chung, Y. Zhang and W. Gao, Energy Fuels, 24, 563 (2009).
Q. Hu, Y. Liu, Z. Liu, S. Tian and Z. Xu, Chinese J. Anal. Chem., 38, 564 (2010).
A. M. McKenna, J. M. Purcell, R. P. Rodgers and A. G. Marshall, Energy Fuels, 24, 2929 (2010).
J. H. Chang, E. S. Ko, S. H. Park and K. L. Kim, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 12(2), 176 (1995).
K. Qian and S. H. Chang, Anal. Chem., 64, 2327 (1992).
H. Yu, S. Li and G. Jin, Energy Fuels, 24, 4419 (2010).
D. Zhao, W. Sun and M. Sun, Petrol. Sci. Technol., 29, 2530 (2011).
X. Chen, B. Shen, J. Sun, C. Wang, H. Shan, C. Yang and C. Li, Energy Fuels, 26, 1707 (2012).
R. J. Angelici, Polyhedron, 16, 3073 (1997).
G. C. Klein, R. P. Rodgers and A. G. Marshall, Fuels, 85, 2071 (2006).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, M., Zhang, LZ., Zhang, C. et al. Transformation of nitrogen-containing compounds in atmospheric residue by hydrotreating. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 35, 375–382 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-017-0305-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-017-0305-9