Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the presence, origination and classification of various hydrolyzing enzymes from malt and their specified hydrolyzing effects on various substrates for bioethanol production and to link these characteristics with the future prospects of bioethanol production. These enzymes are categorized as cell wall, starch, protein, lipid, polyphenol and thiol hydrolyzing enzymes based on their substrate specificity. Waste from beer fermentation broth (WBFB) has been evaluated as a rich source of malt derived hydrolyzing enzymes with significant self potential for bioethanol production. However, yeast cells cannot survive at the high temperature required for the saccharification activities of hydrolyzing enzymes during simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). This dilemma might be resolved by bioethanol production at elevated temperatures via cell-free fermentation systems in the presence of malt hydrolyzing enzymes. Moreover, emerging technologies such as genetic engineering in biomass and biotransformation in cell-free enzymatic systems will likely hasten bioethanol production in the near future. The present study adds new dimensions to eco-friendly bioethanol production from renewable and waste energy resources based on the specific hydrolyzing activities of malt enzymes.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
G. B. Fincher, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 40, 305 (1989).
A. Kongkaew, U. Usansa and C. Wanapu, Afr. J. Biotechnol., 11(42), 9941 (2012).
C. Klose, A. Mauch, S. Wunderlich, F. Thiele, M. Zarnkow, F. Jacob and E. K. Arendt, J. Inst. Brew., 117(3), 411 (2012).
J. C. C. Santana, S. A. Araújo, A. F. H. Librantz and E. B. Tambourgi, Dry Technol., 30(3), 613 (2010).
O. I. Oyewole and F.K. Agboola, Int. J. Biotechnol. Molecul. Biol. Res., 2(9), 146 (2011).
N. Allosio-Ouarnier, L. Saulnier, F. Guillon and P. Boivin, 31st EBC Congress 2007, May 6–10, Venice, Italy.
S. Kim and B. E. Dale, Biomass Bioenerg., 26, 361 (2004).
K. Osamu and H.W. Carl, Biomass Handbook, Gordon and Breach Sci. Publishers Inc. (1989).
A. J. Ragauskas, C. K. Williams, B. H. Davison, G. Britovsek, J. Cairney, C. A. Eckert, W. J. Frederick, J. P. Hallett, D. J. Leak, C. L. Liotta, J. R. Mielenz, R. Murphy, R. Templer and T. Tschaplinski, Science, 311, 484 (2006).
http://www.agra-net.com/portal2/filternews.jsp?pubid=ag072&filter=20001108171.
A. J. Klee and C. J. Rogers, AIChE J., 2, 759 (1978).
Q. Wang, H. Ma, W. Xu, L. Gong, W. Zhang and D. Zou, Biochem. Eng. J., 39(3), 604 (2008).
J. H. Ha, N. Shah, M. Ul-Islam and J. K. Park, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 49, 298 (2011).
J. H. Ha, M.K. Gang, T. Khan and J.K. Park, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 29(9), 1224 (2012).
R. S. Tubb, T. I. Biotechnol., 4(4), 98 (1986).
M. B. Sticklen, Nat. Rev. Genet., 9, 433 (2008).
Z. Kadar, T. De Vrijek, G. E. van Noorden, M. A.W. Budde, Z. Szengyel, K. Reczey and P. A.M. Claasen, Appl. Biochem. Biotech., 113(16), 497 (2004).
P. J. Cullen and G. F. Sprague, Jr., P. N. A. S., 97(25), 13619 (2000).
J.M. Kingsbury, A. L. Goldstein and J. H. McCusker, Eukaryot. Cell., 5(5), 816 (2006).
S.H. Krishna and G.V. Chowdary, J. Agric. Food Chem., 48, 1971 (2000).
D. Schell and P. Walter, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of corn stover hydrolysate to ethanol, 13th Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals 1991, May 6–10, 1991, Colorado Springs.
Spindler, Philippidis and Wyman, Key parameters in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of biomass to ethanol, 13th Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals 1991, May 6–10, 1991, Colorado Springs.
J.C. Bischof, J. Padanilam, W. H. Holmes, R. M. Ezzell, R. C. Lee, R.G. Tomkins, M. L. Yarmush and M. Toner, Biophys. J., 68, 2608 (1995).
E. Buchner, Ber. Dt. Chem. Ges., 30, 117 (1897).
Y. H. P. Zhang, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 105(4), 663 (2010).
B. L. Jones and L. Marinac, J. Agr. Food Chem., 50, 858 (2002).
B. L. Jones, J. Cereal. Sci., 42, 139 (2005).
W. J. Lee and R. E. Pyler, J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem., 42, 11 (1984).
W. J. Lee and R. E. Pyler, J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem., 43(1), 1 (1985).
A.W. MacGregor, Crc. Cr. Rev. Biotechnol., 5, 117 (1987).
A.W. MacGregor, J. Inst. Brew., 102, 97 (1996).
T. Nagodawithana and G. Reed, Enzymes in food processing, Academic Press (1993).
D. L. Goode, H.H. Wijngaard and E.K. Arendt, Tech. Q. M. B. A. A. Commun., 42, 184 (2005).
I. Celus, K. Brijs and J. A. Delcour, J. Cereal. Sci., 44, 203 (2006).
C. Jamar, P. du Jardin and M. L. Fauconnier, Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ., 15, 301 (2011).
P.M. Hayes, A. Castro, L. Marquez-Cedillo, A. Corey, C. Henson, B. L. Jones, J. Kling, D. Mather, I. Matus, C. Rossi and K. Sato, Diversity in Barley, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam (2003).
R. Hatfield and D. J. Nevins, Carbohyd. Res., 148, 265 (1986).
C.W. Bamforth, J. Cereal. Sci., 50, 353 (2009a).
J. R. Woodward and G. B. Fincher, Eur. J. Biochem., 121, 663 (1982).
S. Aastrup, N. Bautista, E. Janser and K. Dörreich, Choice of enzyme solution should determine choice of raw materials and process, World Brewing Conference 2004, July 24–28, 2004, San Diego, USA.
M. Chithra and G. Muralikrishna, Eur. Food Res. Technol., 227, 587 (2008).
C.W. Bamforth, H. L. Martin and T. Wainwright, J. Inst. Brew., 85, 334 (1979).
S.B. Sørensen, I. Svendsen and K. Breddam, Carlsberg. Res. Commun., 54, 193 (1989).
J. Trudel, J. Grenier and A. Asselin, Electrophoresis, 19, 1788 (1998).
R. S. Kumar, S. A. Singh and A.G. Rao, J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 6883 (2005).
R. Acquistucci, V. Turfani and G. Aureli, Eur. Food Res. Technol., 232, 583 (2011).
R. A. Burton, X. Q. Zhang, M. Hrmova and G. B. Fincher, Plant Physiol., 119, 859 (1999).
S.M. Koehler and T. H. D. Ho, Plant Physiol., 94, 251 (1990).
T. Sopanen and J. Mikola, Plant Physiol., 55, 809 (1975).
K. Skriver, R. Leah, F. Mulleruri, F. L. Olsen and J. Mundy, Plant Mol. Biol., 18, 585 (1992).
E. D. Baxter, J. Ins. Brew., 88, 390 (1982).
E. D. Baxter, J. Ins. Brew., 90, 277 (1984).
A. Doderer, I. Kokkelink, S. Van der Veen, B. E. Valk and A. C. Douma, P. Eur. Brewery Convention Congress, Lisbon, Portugal (1991).
W. Aehle, Enzymes in industry production and applications, Wiley-VCH, Weinhheim (2007).
C. J. Antrobus, P. J. Large and C.W. Bamforth, J. Ins. Brew., 103, 227 (1997).
G. B. Fincher, Barley: genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology and biotechnology, C. A. B. International, Wallingford (1992).
A. Lazaridou, T. Chornick, C.G. Biliaderis and M. S. Izydorczyk, J. Cereal Sci., 48, 304 (2008).
J. S. Swanston and R. P. Ellis, Barley science: Recent advances from molecular biology to agronomy of yield and quality, Food Product Press, New York (2002).
Y. L. Jin, R. A. Speers, A. T. Paulson and R. J. Stewart, Technol. Q. Master Brew. Assoc. Am., 41(3), 231 (2004).
L. McCartney, S. E. Marcus and P. Knox, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 53, 543 (2005).
M. Hrmova and G. B. Fincher, Plant Mol. Biol., 47, 73 (2001).
J. E. Georg-Kraemer, E. Caierão, E. Minella, J. F. Barbosa-Neto and S. S. Cavalli, J. Inst. Brew., 110(4), 303 (2004).
R. J. Kuntz and C.W. Bamforth, J. Ins. Brew., 113(2), 196 (2007).
M. Hrmova, M. Banik, A. J. Harvey, T. P. Garrett, J. N. Varghese, P. B. Høj and G.B. Fincher, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 21(1–2), 67 (1997).
A. Egi, R.A. Speers and P.B. Schwarz, Tech. Q. Master Brew. Assoc. Am., 41(3), 248 (2004).
F. J. Humberstone and D.E. Briggs, J. Inst. Brew., 106, 31 (2000a).
F. J. Humberstone and D.E. Briggs, J. Inst. Brew., 106, 21 (2000b).
A. Payen and J. F. Persoz, Ann. Chi. Phys., 53, 73 (1833).
M. Maercker, J. Chem. Soc., 34, 969 (1878).
Ohlsson, Compt. Rend. Trav. Lab. Carlsberg., 16(7), 1 (1926).
D. E. Evans, B. Van-Weger, Y. F. Ma and J. Eghinton, J. Am. Society of Brewing Chem., 61, 210 (2003).
E. C. Egwim and O. B. Oloyede, Biochem., 18(1), 15 (2006).
B. Svensson, J. Mundy, R. M. Gibson and I. Svendsen, Carlsberg Res. Commun., 50, 15 (1985).
R.C. Hoseney, Principles of cereal science and technology, Am. Assoc. Cereal Chem. Inc., St. Paul, Minnesota (1994).
B. Svensson, Plant Mol Biol., 25, 141 (1994).
E. Lalor and D. Goode, Enzymes in food technology, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester (2010).
L. K. Bowles, In Baked goods freshness: Technology, evaluation and inhibition of staling, E. H. Hebeda and H. F. Zobel Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York (1996).
D. Osman, S. M. Coverdale, R. Ferguson, K. Watson, G. Fox, S. E. Hamilton and J. de Jersey, Proc. 10th Australian Barley Technical Symp., 2001, Canberra, Australia.
P. Moneton, P. Sarthou and F. L. Goffic, Fed. Eur. Microbiol. Soc. Microbiol. Lett., 36, 95 (1986).
D. E. Briggs, Malts and malting, Blackie Academic & Professional, Thomson Science, London, UK, 579–614 (1998).
M. J. Wentz, R. D. Horsley and P. B. Schwarz, J. Am. Soc. Bre. Chem., 62(3), 103 (2004).
D. E. Briggs, in Barley: Genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology and biotechnology, P.R. Shewry Ed., C. A. B. International, Wallingford (1992).
M. Kreis and P.R. Shewry, in Barley: Genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology and biotechnology, P. R. Shewry Ed., C. A. B. International, Wallingford (1992).
D. J. Evans and J. R. N. Taylor, J. Inst. Brew., 96, 399 (1990).
D. E. Briggs, Barley, Chapman and Hall, London (1978).
W. Morrison, in Wheat chemistry and technology, Y. Pomeranz Ed., American Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc. St. Paul, Minnesota (1988).
D. D. Briggs, J. S. Hough, R. Stevens and T. M. Young, Malting and brewing science, Chapman and Hall, London (1981).
E. C. Lulai, C.W. Baker and D. C. Zimmerman, Plant Physiol., 68, 950 (1981).
C.W. Bamforth, J. R. Roza and M. Kanauchi, J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem., 67, 89 (2009b).
Y. H. Lin, L. T. Wimer and A. H. C. Huang, Plant. Physiol., 73, 460 (1983).
O. P. Ward, in Comprehensive biotechnology, H.W. Blanch, S. Drew and D. I.C. Wang, Eds., Pergamon Press, Oxford (1985).
A. H. C. Huang, Annu. Rev. Plant Phys., 43, 177 (1992).
D. E. Fernandez and L. A. Staehelin, Plant Physiol., 285, 487 (1987).
N. H. Gram, Carlsberg Res. Commun., 47, 143 (1982).
D. N. Valcharia, C. A. Brearly, M. C. Wilkinson, T. Gailliard and D. I. Laidman, Planta., 172, 502 (1987).
M. C. Wilkinson, D. L. Laidman and T. Galliard, Plant Sci. Lett, 35, 195 (1984).
R. B. de-Almeida, L. A. Garbe, R. Nagel, K. Wackerbauer and R. Tress, J. Inst. Brew., 111(3), 265 (2005).
P.B. Schwarz and R.E. Pyler, J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem., 42, 47 (1984).
B. J. Anness and R. J. R. Reed, J. I. Brew., 91, 313 (1985).
H.W. Gardner, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1084, 221 (1991).
J.N. Siedow, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mo1. Biol., 42, 145 (1991).
B.A. Vick, in Lipid metabolism in plants, T. S. Moore, Jr., Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton (1993).
E. Blee, Prog. Lipid Res., 37, 33 (1998).
A. Kessler, R. Halitschke and I. T. Baldwin, Science, 305, 665 (2004).
K. Matsui, C. Ujita, S. Fujimoto, J. Wilkinson, B. Hiatt, V. Knauf, T. Kajiwara and I. Feussner, FEBS Lett., 481, 183 (2000).
I. Feussner and C. Wasternack, Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 53, 275 (2002).
A. G. Pérez, C. Sanz, R. Olías and J.M. Olías, J. Agric. Food Chem., 47(1), 249 (1999).
J. J. Salas and J. Sánchez, J. Agric. Food Chem., 47(3), 809 (1999).
T. Koeduka, M. Stumpe, K. Matsui, T. Kajiwara and I. Feussner, Lipid., 38, 1167 (2003).
A. D. Roos, C. Grassin, M. Herweijer, K.M. Kragh, C. H. Poulsen, J. B. Soe, J. F. Sorensen and J. Wilms, in Enzymes in industry: Production and applications, W. Aehle, Eds., Wiley-VCH Verlang GmbH & Co., Weinheim (2004).
L. Rimsten, A. K. Haraldsson, R. Andersson, M. Alminger, A. S. Sandberg and P. Aman, J. Sci. Food Agr., 82, 904 (2002).
D. J. Cosgrove, Inositol phosphates: Their chemistry, biochemistry and physiology, Elsevier Science Publishing Co., New York (1980).
A. S. Sandberg, M. Brune, N.G. Carlsson, L. Hallberg, E. Skoglund and L. Rossander-Hulthén, Amer. J. Clin. Nutr., 70, 240 (1999).
C. H. Campbell and J. H. Laherrere, Sci. Am., 78 (1998).
J. K. Kim, B.H. Um and T. H. Kim, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 29(2), 209 (2012).
I. Ballesteros, M. J. Negro, J. M. Oliva, A. Cabanas, P. Manzanares and M. Ballesteros, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 130, 496 (2006).
L. R. Lynd and M. Q. Wang, J. Ind. Ecol., 7, 17 (2003).
S.M. Jeong, Y. J. Kim and D.H. Lee, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 29(8), 1038 (2012).
N. Sarkar, S.K. Ghosh, S. Bannerjee and K. Aikat, Renew. Energy, 37(1), 19 (2012).
S.U. Lee, K. Jung, G.W. Park, C. Seo, Y. K. Hong, W.H. Hong and H. N. Chang, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 29(7), 831 (2012).
C.A. Cardona and O. J. Sanchez. Bioresour. Technol., 98, 2415 (2007).
http://www.agra-net.com/portal2/filternews.jsp?pubid=ag072&filter=20001108171.
M. J. Taherzadeh and K. Karimi. Bioresources, 2(3), 472 (2007).
F.O. Licht, World ethanol markets: The outlook to 2015, Tunbridge Wells, Agra Europe Special Report, UK (2006).
S. Prasad, S. Anoop and H. C. Joshi, Res. Conserv. Recycl., 50, 1 (2007).
A. Demirbas, Energy Source. Part A., 30(6), 565 (2008).
A. Sivasamy, Z. Sergey, F. Paolo, M. Stanislav, M. Franziska, K. Martin, V. Alexander and T. Daniela, BIO-FUELS: Technology status and future trends, technology assessment and decision support tools, ICS-UNIDO, Trieste (2008).
S.N. Naik, V.V. Goud, P. K. Rout and A. K. Dalai, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 14, 578 (2010).
N. P. Nghiem, E. C. Ramírez, A. J. McAloon, W. Y. David, B. Johnston and K. B. Hicks, Bioresour. Technol., 102(12), 6696 (2011).
M. Gupta, N. Abu-Ghannam and E. Gallagher, Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Safety, 9, 318 (2010).
M.L. Shuler and F. Kargi, Bioprocess engineering: Basic concepts, Prentice Hall, New Jersey (2001).
G. Zacchi, “Pretreatment of bimass for ethanol production,” international conference on lignocellulosic ethanol 2010, Oct. 13–15, 2010, Copenhagen, Denmark.
C. A. C. Alzate and O. J. S. Toro, Energy, 31(13), 2447 (2006).
A.B. Bjerre, A.B. Olesen and T. Fernqvist, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 49, 568 (1996).
K.Y. Won, Y. S. Kim and K.K. Oh, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 29(10), 1341 (2012).
J. Lee, J. Biotechnol., 56, 1 (1997).
P. Adapa, L. Tabil and G. Schoenau, Biosys. Eng., 104, 335 (2009).
K.G. Karimi, Emtiazi and M. J. Taherzadeh, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 40, 138 (2006).
P. Khejornsart and M. Wanapat, J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 9(24), 3070 (2010).
C. P. Rezayati and R. J. Mohammadi, Bioresour. Technol., 96(15), 1658 (2005).
S. Senthilkumar, T.V. Viswanathan, A.D. Mercy, P. Gangadevi, K. Ally and K. Shyama, Tamilnadu J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 6(1) 49 (2010).
J.K. Park, S.H. Hyun and W. S. Ahn, Korean Chem. Eng. Res., 44, 52 (2006).
C. Xiros and P. Christakopoulos, Biotechnol. Biofuels., 2:4 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-2-4 (2009).
L. Mann, V. Tolbert and J. Cushman, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 89, 149 (2002).
M. Padgitt, D. Newton, R. Penn and C. Sandretto, Statistical Bulletin No. 969. US Department of Agriculture (2000).
J.A. Smith, Historical materials from university of nebraska-lincoln extension, Paper 721 (1986).
T.H. Kim and Y.Y. Lee, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 137–140, 81 (2007).
F. Teymouri, L. Laureano-Perez, H. Alizadeh and B.E. Dale, Bioresour. Technol., 96, 2014 (2005).
N. Mosier, C. Wyman, B. Dale, R. Elander, Y.Y. Lee, M. Holtzapple and M. Ladisch, Bioresour. Technol., 96, 673 (2005).
Y. Sun and J. Cheng, Bioresour. Technol., 83, 1 (2002).
J.D. McMillan, in Enzymatic conversion of biomass for fuels production, M. E Himmel, J. O. Baker and R. P. Overend, Eds., Am. Chem. S., Washington (1994).
O. J. Sánchez and C.A. Cardona, Bioresour. Technol., 99, 5270 (2008).
A. T.W.M. Hendriks and G. Zeeman, Bioresour. Technol., 100, 10 (2009).
Z. Zuo, S. Tian, Z. Chen, J. Li and X. Yang, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., DOI:10.1007/s12010-012-9751-3 (2010).
B. C. Saha and M. A Cotta, New Biotechnol., 27, 10 (2010).
J.C. Duarte. J. Pereira, S.M. Paixão, L. Baeta-Hall, B. Ribeiro and M. C. Sàágua, “Ethanol production from enzymatically pretreated wheat straw,” Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of IAMAW 2010, June 17–19, 2010, Izmir, Turkey.
A. Singh and N. R. Bishnoi, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 93, 1785 (2012).
B. Buaban, H. Inoue, S. Yano, S. Tanapongpipat, V. Ruanglek, V. Champreda, R. Pichyangkura, S. Rengpipat and L. Eurwilaichitr, J. Biosci. Bioeng., 110, 18 (2010).
B. Karki, B. Rijal and S.W. Pryor, Biol. Eng. Transactions, 4(3), 157 (2011).
A. Aden, M. Ruth, K. Ibsen, J. Jechura, K. Neeves, J. Sheehan and B. Wallace, National renewable energy laboratory, Golden, Colorado (2002).
G. Lissens, H. Klinke, W. Verstraete, B. Ahring and A.B. Thomsen, Environ. Technol., 25(6), 647 (2004).
J. Shi, M. Ebrik, B. Yang and C. E. Wyman, University of California Energy Institute, Berkeley (2009). Available at http://www.ucei.berkeley.edu/PDF/EDT_015.pdf.
G. Buchanan, in Increasing feedstock production for biofuel: Economic drivers, environmental implications, and the role of research, Diane Publishing Co., Darby (2008).
S. Li, X. Zhang and J. M. Anderson, Fuel, 92, 84 (2012).
W. Su, H. Ma, M. Gao, W. Zhang and Q. Wang, 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE) 2010, June 18–20, 2010, Chengdu, China.
K. Kajari, D. Siddhartha and K. S. Shyamal, J. Biochem. Eng., 1, 31 (1998).
N. Kiransree, M. Sridhar, L.V. Rao and A. Pandey, Process Biochem., 34, 115 (1999).
A. M. de Castro, D. F. Carvalho, D. M. G. Freire and L. D. R. Castilho, Enzyme Res., DOI:10.4061/2010/576872 (2010).
S. Shah, S. Sharma and M.N. Gupta, J. Biochem. Biophys., 40, 392 (2003).
B. Han, J. L. Kiers and R.M. Nout, J. Biosci. Bioeng., 88, 205 (1999).
G. A. Greathouse, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 79(16), 4503 (1957).
S. Komura and K. Kurahashi, J. Biochem., 88(1), 285 (1980).
K. Fujikawa, T. Suzuki and K. Kurahashi, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 161(1), 2322 (1968).
M. E. Boyer, J.A. Stapleton, J.M. Kuchenreuther, C.-W. Wang and J. R. Swartz, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 99(1), 59 (2008).
Y. Wang and Y.H. P. Zhang, B. M. C. Biotechnol., 9, 58 (2009).
A. Chang, M. Scheer, A. Grote, I. Schomburg and D. Schomburg, Nucleic Acids Res., 37, 588 (2009).
T.W. Kim, H.A. Chokhawala, M. Hess, C. M. Dana, Z. Baer, A. Sczyrba, E. M. Rubin, H.W. Blanch and D. S. Clark, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 50, 11215 (2011).
D. Lloyd, S. Morell, H. N. Carlsen, H. Degn, P. E. James and C.C. Towlands, Yeast, 9, 825 (1993).
S. Umesh-kumar, L Nagarajan, F. Rehana and K. Nand, Antonie. van. Leeuwenhoek, 58, 57 (1990).
W. J. Groot, C.M. Sikkenk, R.H. Waldram, R.G. J.M. van der Lans and K. C. A.M. Luyben, Bioprocess Eng., 8, 39 (1992).
K. A. Calhoun and J. R. Swartz, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 90, 606 (2005).
M. C. Jewett, K. A. Calhoun, A. Voloshin, J. J. Wuu and J. R. Swartz, Mol. Syst. Biol., 4, 57 (2008).
K.A. Calhoun and J.R. Swartz, J. Biotechnology, 123, 193 (2006).
C. J. Yeoman, Y. Han, D. Dodd, C.M. Schroeder, R. I. Mackie and I. K. O. Cann, Adv. Appl. Microbiol., 70, 1 (2010).
A. Gorsek and K. Zajesk, Chem. Eng. Transactions, 20, 181 (2010).
P. Welch and R. K. Scopes, J. Biotechnol., 2, 257 (1985).
http://www.worldbank.org/foodcrisis/food_price_watch_report_feb2011.html.
C. Chapple, M. Ladish and R. Meilan, Nature Biotechnol., 25, 746 (2007).
F. Chen and R. A. Dixon, Nature Biotechnol., 25, 759 (2007).
H. Shapouri, D. James and W. Michael, The Energy Balance of Corn Ethanol: An Update, United States Department of Agriculture, 55 (2002).
T.M. Swan and K. Watson, Can. J. Microbiol., 43, 70 (1997).
K.M. You, C. L. Rosenfield and D.C. Knipple, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69, 1499 (2003).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khattak, W.A., Ul-Islam, M. & Park, J.K. Prospects of reusable endogenous hydrolyzing enzymes in bioethanol production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 29, 1467–1482 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-012-0174-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-012-0174-1