Abstract
TiO2 deposited on granular activated carbon (TiO2/GAC) was used for photocatalytic degradation of phenol. The effects of photocatalyst loading, initial substrate concentration and addition of an oxidizing agent as H2O2 were investigated using a one-factor-at-a-time experiment. Central composite design, an experimental design for response surface methodology (RSM), was used for the modelling and optimization of the phenol degradation. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the proposed quadratic model was in agreement with the experimental case with R2 and R 2 adj correlation coefficients of 0.9760 and 0.9544, respectively. Accordingly, the optimum conditions for phenol degradation were a photocatalyst loading of two layers, initial phenol concentration of 34.44 mg L−1 and H2O2 concentration of 326.90 mg L−1. The TiO2/GAC was used for five cycles with phenol degradation efficiency still higher than 90%. Finally, the phenol that remained adsorbed on GAC was able to migrate to TiO2 and then photocatalytically be degraded.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
M. Tasbihi, C. R. Ngah, N. Aziz, A. Mansor, A. Z. Abdullah, K. T. Lee and A. R. Mohamed, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 46, 9006 (2007).
M. Bertelli and E. Selli, J. Hazard. Mater., B138, 46 (2006).
A. Kumar, S. Kumar, S. Kumar and D.V. Gupta, J. Hazard. Mater., 147, 155 (2007).
B. H. Hameed and A. A. Rahman, J. Hazard. Mater., 160, 576 (2008).
M. L. Chin, A. R. Mohamed and S. Bhatia, Chemosphere, 57, 547 (2004).
P. Saravanan, K. Pakshirajan and P. Saha, J. Hydro-environ., 3, 45 (2009).
G. MarcÌ, A. Sclafani, V. Augugliaro, L. Palmisano and M. Schiavello, J. Photochem. Photobio. A: Chem., 89, 69 (1995).
W. F. Jardim, S.G. Moraes and M.M. K. Takiyama, Water Res., 31, 1728 (1997).
M. Kang, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 37, 187 (2002).
B.X. Zhao, X. Z. Li and P. Wang, J. Environ. Sci., 19, 1020 (2007).
A.N. Okte and O. Yilmaz, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 85, 92 (2008).
Z. He, S. G. Yang, Y.M. Ju and C. Sun, J. Environ. Sci., 21, 268 (2009).
A. Fernández, G. Lassaletta, V.M. Jiménez, A. Justo, A. R. González-Elipe, J. M. Herrmann, H. Tahiri and Y. Ait-Ichou, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 7, 49 (1995).
J. Shang, W. Li and Y. F. Zhu, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 202, 187 (2003).
Y.M. Wang, S.W. Liu, Z. L. Xiu, X. B. Jiao, X. P. Cui and J. Pan, Mat. Lett., 60, 974 (2006).
Y.H. Ao, J. J. Xu, D.G. Fu, X.W. Shen and C.W. Yuan, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 312, 125 (2008).
M. Mahalakshmi, S.V. Priya, B. Arabindoo, M. Palanichamy and V. Murugesan, J. Hazard. Mater., 161, 336 (2009).
L. Ravichandran, K. Selvam and M. Swaminathan, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 317, 89 (2010).
Y.X. Lin, C. Ferronato, N. S. Deng, F. Wu and J. M. Chovelon, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 88, 32 (2009).
H. L. Liu and Y. R. Chiou, Chem. Eng. J., 112, 173 (2005).
I. H. Cho and K. D. Zoh, Dyes Pigments, 75, 533 (2007).
C. Betianu, F. A. Caliman, M. Gavrilescu, I. Cretescu, C. Cojocaru and I. Poulios, J. Chem. Technol. Biotech., 83, 1454 (2008).
Y. G. Tao, L. B. Ye, J. Pan, Y.M. Wang and B. Tang, J. Hazard. Mater., 161, 718 (2009).
M. C. Yeber, C. Soto, R. Riveros, J. Navarrete and G. Vidal, Chem. Eng. J., 152, 14 (2009).
V. A. Sakkas, P. Calza, M. A. Islam, C. Medana, C. Baiocchi, K. Panagiotou and T. Albanis, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 90, 526 (2009).
X. J. Wang, Z.H. Hu, Y. J. Chen, G.H. Zhao, Y. F. Liu and Z. B. Wen, Appl. Surf. Sci., 255, 3953 (2009).
D.C. Montgomery, Design and analysis of experiments, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1991).
I. Arslan-Alaton, G. Tureli and T. Olmez-Hanci, J. Photochem. Photobio. A: Chem., 202, 142 (2009).
W. Liu, S. F. Chen, W. Zhao and S. J. Zhang, Desalination, 249, 1288 (2009).
C.G. Silva and J. L. Faria, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 305, 147 (2009).
C. H. Wu, Dyes Pigments, 77, 31 (2008).
N. Kashif and F. Ouyang, J. Environ. Sci., 21, 527 (2009).
A. Sobczyński, L/. Duczmal and W. Zmudziński, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 213, 225 (2004).
H.K. Singh, M. Saquib, M. M. Haque and M. Muneer, J. Hazard. Mater., 142, 374 (2007).
R.R. Ishiki, H. M. Ishiki and K. Takashima, Chemosphere, 58, 1461 (2005).
S. Irmak, E. Kusvuran and O. Erbatur, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 54, 85 (2004).
R. Kaushik, S. Saran, J. Isar and R.K. Saxena, J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzymatic, 40, 121 (2006).
S. X. Liu, X. Y. Chen and X. Chen, J. Hazard. Mater., 143, 257 (2007).
D.K. Lee, S.C. Kim, I. C. Cho, S. J. Kim and S.W. Kim, Sep. Purif. Technol., 34, 59 (2004).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sin, JC., Lam, SM. & Mohamed, A.R. Optimizing photocatalytic degradation of phenol by TiO2/GAC using response surface methodology. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 28, 84–92 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-010-0318-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-010-0318-0