Abstract
The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is an important natural mode of the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO). Sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) variations in the TIO are an essential focus of the study of the IOD. Monthly variations of air-sea heat flux, rate of change of heat content and oceanic thermal advection in positive/negative IOD events (pIODs/nIODs) occurring after El Niño/ La Niña were investigated, using long-series authoritative data, including sea surface wind, sea surface flux, ocean current, etc. It was found that the zonal wind anomaly induced by the initial SSTA gradient is the main trigger of IODs occurring after ENSOs. In pIODs, SSTA evolution in the TIO is primarily determined by the local surface heat flux anomaly, while in nIODs, it is controlled by anomalous oceanic thermal advection. The anomalous southwestern anticyclonic circulation in pIODs enhances regional differences in evaporative capacity and latent heat, and in nIODs, it augments the east-west difference in the advective thermal budget. Further, the meridional anomaly mechanism is also non-negligible during the development of nIODs. As the SWA moves eastward, the meridional SWA prevails near 60°E and the corresponding meridional anomalous current appears. The corresponding maximum meridional thermal advection anomaly reaches 200 W m−2 in September.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Allan, R. J., Chambers, D., Drosdowsky, W., Hendon, H., Latif, M., Nicholls, N., Smith, I., Stone, R. C., and Tourre, Y., 2001. Is there an Indian Ocean dipole, and is it independent of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation? CLIVAR Exchanges, 6: 18–22.
Annamalai, H., Murtugudde, R., Potemra, J., Xie, S. P., and Wang, B., 2003. Coupled dynamics over the Indian Ocean: Spring initiation of the zonal mode. Deep Sea Research, 50: 2305–2330, DOI: 10.1016/s0967-0645(03)00058-4.
Behera, S. K., Luo, J. J., Masson, S., Rao, S. A., Sakuma, H., and Yamagata, T., 2006. A CGCM study on the interaction between the IOD and the ENSO. Journal of Climate, 19: 1688–1705, DOI: http://dx.DOI.org/10.1175/JCLI3797.1.
Bjerknes, J., 1969. Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific. Monthly Weather Review, 97: 163–172, DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(1969)0972.3.CO;2.
Bracco, A., Kucharski, F., Molteni, F., Hazeleger, W., and Severijns, C., 2005. Internal and forced modes of variability in the Indian Ocean, Geophysical Research Letters, 32: L12707, DOI: 10.1029/2005GL023154.
Cai, W., van Rensch, P., Cowan, T., and Hendon, H. H., 2011. Teleconnection pathways of the ENSO and the IOD and the mechanisms for impacts on Australian rainfall. Journal of Climate, 24: 3910–3923, DOI: 10.1175/2011JCLI4129.1.
Cai, W., van Rensch, P., Cowan, T., and Hendon, H. H., 2012. An asymmetry in the IOD and the ENSO teleconnection pathway and its impact on Australian climate. Journal of Climate, 25: 6318–6329, DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00501.1.
Carton, J. A., Chepurin, G., Cao, X., and Giese, B., 2000a. A simple ocean data assimilation analysis of the global upper ocean 1950–1995: Part 1. Methodology. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 30: 294–309, DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(2000)030<0294:asodaa>2.0.co;2.
Carton, J. A., Chepurin, G., and Cao, X., 2000b. A simple ocean data assimilation analysis of the global upper ocean 1950–1995: Part 2. Results. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 30: 311–326, DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(2000)030<0294:asodaa>2.0.co; 2.
Carton, J. A., and Giese, B. S., 2008. A reanalysis of ocean climate using Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA). Monthly Weather Review, 136: 2999–3017, DOI: 10.1175/2007mwr1978.1.
Chowdary, J. S., and Gnanaseelan, C., 2007. Basin-wide warming of the Indian Ocean during El Niño and Indian Ocean dipole years. International Journal of Climatology, 27: 1421–1438, DOI: 10.1002/joc.1482.
Fischer, A. S., Terray, P., Guilyardi, E., Gualdi, S., and Delecluse, P., 2005. Two independent triggers for the Indian Ocean dipole/ zonal mode in a coupled GCM. Journal of Climate, 18: 3428–3449, DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3478.1.
Forootan, E., Awange, J. L., Schumacher, M., and Kusche, J., 2016. Quantifying the impacts of ENSO and IOD on rain gauge and remotely sensed precipitation products over Australia. Remote Sensing of Environment, 172: 50–66, DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2015.10.027.
Guo, F., Liu, Q., Sun, S., and Yang, J., 2015. Three types of Indian Ocean Dipoles. Journal of Climate, 28: 3073–3092, DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00507.1.
Huang, B., and Kinter, J. L. III, 2002. Interannual variability in the tropical Indian Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107: 3199, DOI: 10.1029/2001JC001278.
Ham, Y. G., Choi, J. Y., and Kug, J. S., 2017. The weakening of the ENSO-Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) coupling strength in recent decades. Climate Dynamics, 49: 249–261, DOI: 10.1007/ s00382-016-3339-5.
Hong, C. C., Lu, M. M., and Kanamitsu, M., 2008. Temporal and spatial characteristics of positive and negative Indian Ocean dipole with and without ENSO. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113: D08107, DOI: 10.1029/2007JD009151.
Hong, C. C., Li, T., and Luo, J. J., 2008. Asymmetry of the Indian Ocean Dipole. Part II: Model diagnosis. Journal of Climate, 21: 4849–4858, DOI: 10.1175/2008JCLI2223.1.
Hong, C. C., Li, T., Lin, H., and Chen, Y. C., 2010. Asymmetry of the Indian Ocean basinwide SST anomalies: Roles of ENSO and IOD. Journal of Climate, 23: 3563–3576, DOI: 10.1175/2010JCLI3320.1.
Hong, X. Y., Hu, H. B., Yang, X. Q., Zhang, Y., Liu, G. Q., and Liu, W., 2014. Influences of Indian Ocean interannual variability on different stages of El Niño: A FOAM1.5 model approach. Science China–Earth Sciences, 57: 2616–2627, DOI: 10.1007/s11430-014-4932-2.
Li, T., Wang, B., Chang, C. P., and Zang, Y., 2003. A theory for the Indian Ocean dipole-zonal mode. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 60: 2119–2135, DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(2003) 060,2119:ATFTIO.2.0.CO;2.
Nur’utami, M. N., and Hidayat, R., 2016. Influences of IOD and ENSO to Indonesian rainfall variability: Role of atmosphereocean interaction in the Indo-Pacific sector. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 33: 196–203, DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2016.03.070.
Rao, S. A., and Behera, S. K., 2005. Subsurface influence on SST in the tropical Indian Ocean: Structure and interannual variability. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 39: 103–135, DOI: 10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2004.10.014.
Saji, N. H., Goswami, B. N., Vinayachandran, P. N., and Yamagata, T., 1999. A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean. Nature, 401: 360–363, DOI: 10.1038/43854.
Saji, N. H., Xie, S. P., and Yamagata, T., 2006. Tropical Indian Ocean variability in the IPCC twentieth-century climate simulations. Journal of Climate, 19: 4397–4417, DOI: 10.1175/jcli3847.1.
Spencer, H., Sutton, R. T., Slingo, J. M., Roberts, M., and Black, E., 2005. Indian Ocean climate and dipole variability in Hadley Centre coupled GCMs. Journal of Climate, 18: 2286–2307, DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3410.1.
Stuecker, M. F., Timmermann, A., Jin, F., Chikamoto, Y., Zhang, W., and Wittenberg, A. T., 2017. Revisiting ENSO/Indian Ocean dipole phase relationships. Geophysical Research Letters, 44: 2481–2492, DOI: 10.1002/2016GL072308.
Webster, P. J., Moore, A. M., Loschnigg, J. P., and Leben, R. R., 1999. Coupled ocean-atmosphere dynamics in the Indian Ocean during 1997–98. Nature, 401: 356–360, DOI: 10.1038/ 43848.
Xie, S. P., Annamalai, H., Schott, F. A., and McCreary, J. P., 2002. Structure and mechanisms of South Indian Ocean climate variability. Journal of Climate, 15: 864–878, DOI: 10.1175/ 1520-0442(2002)015,0864:SAMOSI.2.0.CO;2.
Yang, J. L., Liu, Q., and Liu, Z., 2010. Linking observations of the Asian monsoon to the Indian Ocean SST: Possible roles of Indian Ocean basin mode and dipole mode. Journal of Climate, 23: 5889–5902, DOI: 10.1175/2010JCLI2962.1.
Yu, L., Weller, R. A., and Sun, B., 2004. Improving latent and sensible heat flux estimates for the Atlantic Ocean (1988–1999) by a synthesis approach. Journal of Climate, 17: 373–393, DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0373:ilashf>2.0.co;2.
Zhong, A., Hendon, H. H., and Alves, O., 2005. Indian Ocean variability and its association with ENSO in a global coupled model. Journal of Climate, 18: 3634–3649, DOI: 10.1175/JC LI3493.1.
Acknowledgements
This study is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016YFC1402 000) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51509226, 51779236).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xia, H., Wu, K. Investigation of the Heat Budget of the Tropical Indian Ocean During Indian Ocean Dipole Events Occurring After ENSO. J. Ocean Univ. China 19, 525–535 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-020-4269-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-020-4269-8