Abstract
Viable cell count was used to determine whether Metschnikowia sp. C14 can colonize the intestine of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Sea cucumber individuals were divided into two groups, which were fed the control diet for 38 days or the C14-supplemented diet at 105 cells g-1 diet for 28 days, then the control diet from day 29 to day 38. The number of C14 cells in the intestine of sea cucumber fed the C14-supplemented diet significantly increased from day 7 to day 28, and decreased from day 29 to day 38. Sea cucumber fed with the diet containing C14 showed a significant increase in trypsin activity and lipase activity from day 21 to day 33 compared with the control. Feeding C14 significantly improved the phagocytic activity and respiratory burst in coelomocytes from day 21 to day 35 and from day 14 to day 38, respectively. In addition, there was an obvious enhancement in lysozyme activity (from day 21 to day 38 or day 33), phenoloxidase activity (from day 21 to day 28) and total nitric oxide synthase activity (from day 14 to day 38) in coelomic fluid supernatant and/or coelomocyte cell lysate supernatant compared with the control. There were significant positive correlations between the number of C14 cells colonizing the intestine and trypsin activity of the intestine, lysozyme activity of the coelomic fluid supernatant and coelomocyte lysate supernatant from sea cucumber. These data suggested that the number of C14 cells should be maintained at 105 cfu (colony-forming units) g-1 intestine material for the maximum benefit.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Bradford, M. M., 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72: 248–254.
Chi, C., Liu, J. Y., Fei, S. Z., Zhang, C., Chang, Y. Q., Liu, X. L., and Wang, G. X., 2014. Effect of intestinal autochthonous probiotics isolated from the gut of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) on immune response and growth of A. japonicus. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 38: 367–373.
FAO/WHO, 2001. Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food Including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria. Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization Joint report, 34pp.
Iehata, S., Inagaki, T., Okunishi, S., Nakano, M., Tanaka, R., and Maeda, H., 2009. Colonization and probiotic effects of lactic acid bacteria in the gut of the abalone Haliotis gigantea. Fisheries Science, 75: 1285–1293.
Li, C., Ren, Y. C., Jiang, S. H., Zhou, S., Zhao, J. S., Wang, R. J., and Li, Y. M., 2018. Effects of dietary supplementation of four strains of lactic acid bacteria on growth, immune-related response and genes expression of the juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus Selenka. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 74: 69–75.
Li, J. G., Xu, Y. P., Jin, L. J., and Li, X. Y., 2015. Effects of a probiotic mixture (Bacillus subtilis YB-1 and Bacillus cereus YB-2) on disease resistance and non-specific immunity of sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka). Aquaculture Research, 46: 3008–3019.
Liu, J., Han, H., Sun, F. X., Zhang, C. Y., Cao, S. Q., Zhao, N. X., and Ma, Y. X., 2013. Effects of dietary live Bacillus sp. BC26 on digestive enzyme activity, immune response and disease resistance against Vibrio splendidus infection in juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Journal of Dalian Ocean University, 28: 568–572 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu, N. N., Zhang, S. S., Zhang, W. W., and Li, C. H., 2017. Vibrio sp. 33 a potential bacterial antagonist of Vibrio splendidus, pathogenic to sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus). Aquaculture, 470: 68–73.
Liu, Z. M., Ma, Y. X., Yang, Z. P., Li, M., Liu, J., and Bao, P. Y., 2012. Immune responses and disease resistance of the juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus induced by Metschnikowia sp. C14. Aquaculture, 368-369: 10–18.
Ma, Y. X., Li, L. Y., Bao, P. Y., Li, M., Chen, W., and Chang, Y. Q., 2018. Effects of combined dietary administration of Rhodotorula sp. H26 and Bacillus sp. BC26 on growth, immunity and intestinal microbiota in juvenile sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Aquaculture Research, 49: 3792–3803.
Ma, Y. X., Li, L. Y., Li, M., Chen, W., Bao, P. Y., Yu, Z. C., and Chang, Y. Q., 2019. Effects of dietary probiotic yeast on growth parameters in juvenile sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Aquaculture, 499: 203–211.
Ma, Y. X., Liu, Z. M., Yang, Z. P., Bao, P. Y., Zhang, C. Y., and Ding, J. F., 2014. Effects of Hanseniaspora opuntiae C21 on the growth and digestive enzyme activity of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicas. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 32: 743–748.
Ma, Y. X., Liu, Z. M., Yang, Z. P., Li, M., Liu, J., and Song, J., 2013. Effects of dietary live yeast Hanseniaspora opuntiae C21 on the immune and disease resistance against Vibrio splendidus infection in juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 34: 66–73.
Macey, B. M., and Coyne, V. E., 2006. Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract of the farmed South African abalone Haliotis midae by the probionts Vibrio midae SY9, Cryptococcus sp. SS1, and Debaryomyces hansenii AY1. Marine Biotechnology, 8: 246–259.
Newaj-Fyzul, A., Al-Harbi, A. H., and Austin, B., 2014. Review: Developments in the use of probiotics for disease control in aquaculture. Aquaculture, 431: 1–11.
Prado, S., Romalde, J. L., and Barja, J. L., 2010. Review of probiotics for use in bivalve hatcheries. Veterinary Microbiology, 145: 187–197.
Sajeevan, T. P., Philip, R., and Singh, I. S. B., 2006. Immunostimulatory effect of a marine yeast Candida sake S165 in Fenneropenaeus indicus. Aquaculture, 257: 150–155.
Song, H. L., and Hsieh, Y. T., 1994. Immunostimulation of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) hemocytes for generation of microbicidal substances: Analysis of reactive oxygen species. Developmental Comparative Immunology, 18: 201–209.
Verschuere, L., Rombaut, G., Sorgeloos, P., and Verstraete, W., 2000. Probiotic bacteria as biological control agents in aquaculture. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 64: 655–671.
Wang, J. H., Zhao, L. Q., Liu, F., Wang, H., and Xiao, S., 2015. Effect of potential probiotic Rhodotorula benthica D30 on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immunity in juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 43: 330–336.
Xing, J., Leung, M. F., and Chia, F. S., 1998. Quantitative analysis of phagocytosis by amebocytes of a sea cucumber, Holothuria leucospilota. Invertebrate Biology, 117: 67–74.
Yan, F. J., Tian, X. L., and Dong, S. L., 2014a. Effect of Bacillus baekryungensis YD13 supplemented in diets on growth performance and immune response of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus). Journal of Ocean University of China, 13: 805–810.
Yan, F. J., Tian, X. L., Dong, S. L., Fang, Z. H., and Yang, G., 2014b. Growth performance, immune response, and disease resistance against Vibrio splendidus infection in juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus fed a supplementary diet of the potential probiotic Paracoccus marcusii DB11. Aquaculture, 420-421: 105–111.
Yang, G., Peng, M., Tian, X. L., and Dong, S. L., 2017. Molecular ecological network analysis reveals the effects of probiotics and florfenicol on intestinal microbiota homeostasis: An example of sea cucumber. Scientific Report, 7: 4778.
Yang, G., Tian, X. L., Dong, S. L., Peng, M., and Wang, D. D., 2015. Effects of dietary Bacillus cereus G19, B. cereus BC-01, and Paracoccus marcusii DB11 supplementation on the growth, immune response, and expression of immune-related genes in coelomocytes and intestine of the sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus Selenka). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 45: 800–807.
Yang, Z. P., Sun, J. M., and Xu, Z., 2015a. Beneficial effects of Rhodotorula sp. C11 on growth and disease resistance of juvenile Japanese spiky sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 27: 71–76.
Yang, Z. P., Sun, J. M., Xu, Z., Zhang, C. C., and Zhou, Q., 2014. Beneficial effects of Metschnikowia sp. C14 on growth and intestinal digestive enzymes of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 197: 142–147.
Yang, Z. P., Xu, Z., Zhou, Q., Zhang, C. C., and Sun, J. M., 2015b. Effects of dietary supplementation of marine yeast Rhodotorula sp. C11 on digestive enzyme activity and immune response in juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicas. Progress in Fishery Science, 36: 107–112 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang, K., Liu, J. F., Dong, Q., Zhang, C. X., Xiao, S., Wang, H., and Wang, J. H., 2017. Effects of dietary addition of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa on performance of Apostichopus japonicaus. Journal of Dalian polytechnic University, 36: 6–9 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang, Z., Xing, R. L., Lv, Z. M., Shao, Y. N., Zhang, W. W., Zhao, X. L., and Li, C. H., 2018. Analysis of gut microbiota revealed Lactococcus garviaeae could be an indicative of skin ulceration syndrome in farmed sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 80: 148–154.
Zhao, Y. C., Yuan, L., Wan, J. L., Sun, Z. X., Wang, Y. Y., and Sun, H. S., 2016. Effects of potential probiotic Bacillus cereus EN25 on growth, immunity and disease resistance of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 49: 237–242.
Zhao, Y. C., Zhang, W. B., Xu, W., Mai, K. S., Zhang, Y. J., and Liufu, Z. G., 2012. Effects of potential probiotic Bacillus subtilis T13 on growth, immunity and disease resistance against Vibrio splendidus infection in juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 32: 750–755.
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the Scientific Research Project from the Department of Education of Liaoning Province (No. JL201903).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, M., Bao, P., Song, J. et al. Colonization and Probiotic Effect of Metschnikowia sp. C14 in the Intestine of Juvenile Sea Cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. J. Ocean Univ. China 19, 225–231 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-020-4143-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-020-4143-8