Abstract
Emerging contaminants (ECs) in drinking water pose threats to public health due to their environmental prevalence and potential toxicity. The occurrence of ECs in our drinking water supplies depends on their physicochemical properties, discharging rate, and susceptibility to removal by water treatment processes. Uncertain health effects of long-term exposure to ECs justify their regular monitoring in drinking water supplies. In this review article, we will summarize the current status and future opportunities of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for EC analysis in drinking water. Working principles of SERS are first introduced and a comparison of SERS and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in terms of cost, time, sensitivity, and availability is made. Subsequently, we discuss the strategies for designing effective SERS sensors for EC analysis based on five categories—per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, novel pesticides, pharmaceuticals, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and microplastics. In addition to maximizing the intrinsic enhancement factors of SERS substrates, strategies to improve hot spot accessibilities to the targeting ECs are equally important. This is a review article focusing on SERS analysis of ECs in drinking water. The discussions are not only guided by numerous endeavors to advance SERS technology but also by the drinking water regulatory policy.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Atanasov P A, Nedyalkov N N, Fukata N, Jevasuwan W (2020a). Ag and Au nanostructures for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of Mospilan 20 SP (acetamiprid). Journal of Raman Spectroscopy: JRS, 51(12): 2398–2407
Atanasov P A, Nedyalkov N N, Fukata N, Jevasuwan W, Subramani T (2020b). Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) of neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid assisted by silver and gold nanostructures. Applied Spectroscopy, 74(3): 357–364
aus der Beek T, Weber F A, Bergmann A, Hickmann S, Ebert I, Hein A, Küster A (2016). Pharmaceuticals in the environment:global occurrences and perspectives. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 35(4): 823–835
Bai S, Hu A, Hu Y, Ma Y, Obata K, Sugioka K (2022). Plasmonic superstructure arrays fabricated by laser near-field reduction for wide-range SERS analysis of fluorescent materials. Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), 12(6): 970
Bass C, Denholm I, Williamson M S, Nauen R (2015). The global status of insect resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 121: 78–87
Benotti M J, Trenholm R A, Vanderford B J, Holady J C, Stanford B D, Snyder S A (2009). Pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in U.S. drinking water. Environmental Science & Technology, 43(3): 597–603
Blacquière T, Smagghe G, van Gestel C A, Mommaerts V (2012). Neonicotinoids in bees: a review on concentrations, side-effects and risk assessment. Ecotoxicology (London, England), 21(4): 973–992
Blake B E, Fenton S E (2020). Early life exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and latent health outcomes: a review including the placenta as a target tissue and possible driver of peri- and postnatal effects. Toxicology, 443: 152565
Boreen A L, Arnold W A, McNeill K (2004). Photochemical fate of sulfa drugs in the aquatic environment: sulfa drugs containing five-membered heterocyclic groups. Environmental Science & Technology, 38(14): 3933–3940
Bu Q, Shi X, Yu G, Huang J, Wang B (2016). Assessing the persistence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment: challenges and needs. Emerging Contaminants, 2(3): 145–147
Caldwell J, Taladriz-Blanco P, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Petri-Fink A (2021). Detection of sub-micro- and nanoplastic particles on gold nanoparticle-based substrates through surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), 11(5): 1149
Camden J P, Dieringer J A, Wang Y, Masiello D J, Marks L D, Schatz G C, Van Duyne R P (2008). Probing the structure of single-molecule surface-enhanced Raman scattering hot spots. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 130(38): 12616–12617
Chen N, Yuan Y, Lu P, Wang L, Zhang X, Chen H, Ma P (2021). Detection of carbamazepine in saliva based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Biomedical Optics Express, 12(12): 7673–7688
Cho S H, Baek K M, Han H J, Kim M, Park H, Jung Y S (2020). Selective, quantitative, and multiplexed surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy using aptamer-functionalized monolithic plasmonic nanogrids derived from cross-point nano-welding. Advanced Functional Materials, 30(19): 2000612
Cho W J, Kim Y, Kim J K (2012). Ultrahigh-density array of silver nanoclusters for SERS substrate with high sensitivity and excellent reproducibility. ACS Nano, 6(1): 249–255
Cinel N A, Cakmakyapan S, Butun S, Ertas G, Ozbay E (2015). E-beam lithography designed substrates for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Photonics and Nanostructures, 15: 109–115
Cousins I T, DeWitt J C, Glüge J, Goldenman G, Herzke D, Lohmann R, Ng C A, Scheringer M, Wang Z (2020). The high persistence of PFAS is sufficient for their management as a chemical class. Environmental Science. Processes & Impacts, 22(12): 2307–2312
Creedon N, Lovera P, Moreno J G, Nolan M, O’Riordan A (2020). Highly sensitive SERS detection of neonicotinoid pesticides. Complete Raman spectral assignment of clothianidin and imidacloprid. Journal of Physical Chemistry. A, 124(36): 7238–7247
Dougan J A, Faulds K (2012). Surface enhanced Raman scattering for multiplexed detection. Analyst, 137(3): 545–554
Dowgiallo A M, Guenther D A (2019). Determination of the limit of detection of multiple pesticides utilizing gold nanoparticles and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 67(46): 12642–12651
Enevoldsen R, Juhler R K (2010). Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in groundwater and aqueous soil extracts: using inline SPE-LC-MS/MS for screening and sorption characterisation of perfluorooctane sulphonate and related compounds. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 398(3): 1161–1172
Evich M G, Davis M J B, McCord J P, Acrey B, Awkerman J A, Knappe D R U, Lindstrom A B, Speth T F, Tebes-Stevens C, Strynar M J, et al. (2022). Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment. Science, 375(6580): eabg9065
Fang C, Megharaj M, Naidu R (2016). Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection of fluorosurfactants in firefighting foams. RSC Advances, 6(14): 11140–11145
Fawell J, Ong C N (2012). Emerging contaminants and the implications for drinking water. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 28(2): 247–263
Fenton S E, Ducatman A, Boobis A, DeWitt J C, Lau C, Ng C, Smith J S, Roberts S M (2021). Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance toxicity and human health review: current state of knowledge and strategies for informing future research. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 40(3): 606–630
Ferrer I, Thurman E M (2003). Liquid chromatography/time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (LC/TOF/MS) for the analysis of emerging contaminants. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 22(10): 750–756
Gahlaut S K, Savargaonkar D, Sharan C, Yadav S, Mishra P, Singh J P (2020). SERS platform for dengue diagnosis from clinical samples employing a hand held Raman spectrometer. Analytical Chemistry, 92(3): 2527–2534
Gao Z F, Li Y X, Dong L M, Zheng L L, Li J Z, Shen Y, Xia F (2021). Photothermal-induced partial Leidenfrost superhydrophobic surface as ultrasensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering platform for the detection of neonicotinoid insecticides. Sensors and Actuators. B, Chemical, 348: 130728
Goulson D (2013). Review: an overview of the environmental risks posed by neonicotinoid insecticides. Journal of Applied Ecology, 50(4): 977–987
Grys D-B, Chikkaraddy R, Kamp M, Scherman O A, Baumberg J J, De Nijs B (2021). Eliminating irreproducibility in SERS substrates. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy: JRS, 52(2): 412–419
Hakonen A, Wu K, Stenbæk Schmidt M, Andersson P O, Boisen A, Rindzevicius T (2018). Detecting forensic substances using commercially available SERS substrates and handheld Raman spectrometers. Talanta, 189: 649–652
Hale R C, Seeley M E, La Guardia M J, Mai L, Zeng E Y (2020). A global perspective on microplastics. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 125(1): e2018JC014719
Halvorson R A, Vikesland P J (2010). Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for environmental analyses. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(20): 7749–7755
Han X X, Zhao B, Ozaki Y (2009). Surface-enhanced Raman scattering for protein detection. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 394(7): 1719–1727
Haynes C L, Mcfarland A D, Van Duyne R P (2005). Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry, 77(17): 338A–346A
He S, Jia M, Xiang Y, Song B, Xiong W, Cao J, Peng H, Yang Y, Wang W, Yang Z, Zeng G (2022). Biofilm on microplastics in aqueous environment: physicochemical properties and environmental implications. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 424(Pt B): 127286
Hladik M L, Main A R, Goulson D (2018). Environmental risks and challenges associated with neonicotinoid insecticides. Environmental Science & Technology, 52(6): 3329–3335
Hou R, Pang S, He L (2015). In situ SERS detection of multi-class insecticides on plant surfaces. Analytical Methods, 7(15): 6325–6330
Houtman C J (2010). Emerging contaminants in surface waters and their relevance for the production of drinking water in Europe. Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 7(4): 271–295
Hu W, Chen Y, Xia L, Hu Y, Li G (2022). Flexible membrane composite based on sepiolite/chitosan/(silver nanoparticles) for enrichment and surface-enhanced Raman scattering determination of sulfamethoxazole in animal-derived food. Microchimica Acta, 189(5): 199
Huebner U, Boucher R, Schneidewind H, Cialla D, Popp J (2008). Microfabricated SERS-arrays with sharp-edged metallic nanostructures. Microelectronic Engineering, 85(8): 1792–1794
Hussain A, Pu H, Sun D W (2020). Cysteamine modified core-shell nanoparticles for rapid assessment of oxamyl and thiacloprid pesticides in milk using SERS. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 14(4): 2021–2029
Jansen R, Lachatre G, Marquet P (2005). LC-MS/MS systematic toxicological analysis: comparison of MS/MS spectra obtained with different instruments and settings. Clinical Biochemistry, 38(4): 362–372
Jelić A, Petrović M, Barcelo D (2012). Pharmaceuticals in drinking water. Emerging Organic Contaminants and Human Health: 47–70
Jones-Lepp T L, Sanchez C, Alvarez D A, Wilson D C, Taniguchi-Fu R L (2012). Point sources of emerging contaminants along the Colorado River Basin: source water for the arid Southwestern United States. The Science of the Total Environment, 430: 237–245
Khan S, Naushad M, Govarthanan M, Iqbal J, Alfadul S M (2022). Emerging contaminants of high concern for the environment: current trends and future research. Environmental Research, 207: 112609
Kneipp K, Wang Y, Kneipp H, Perelman L T, Itzkan I, Dasari R R, Feld M S (1997). Single molecule detection using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Physical Review Letters, 78(9): 1667–1670
Langer J, Jimenez de Aberasturi D, Aizpurua J, Alvarez-Puebla R A, Auguié B, Baumberg J J, Bazan G C, Bell S E J, Boisen A, Brolo A G, et al. (2020). Present and future of surface-enhanced Raman scattering. ACS Nano, 14(1): 28–117
Le Ru E C, Etchegoin P G (2012). Single-molecule surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, 63(1): 65–87
Lee C H, Fang J K H (2022). The onset of surface-enhanced Raman scattering for single-particle detection of submicroplastics. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 121: 58–64
Lei L, Liu M, Song Y, Lu S, Hu J, Cao C, Xie B, Shi H, He D (2018). Polystyrene (nano)microplastics cause size-dependent neurotoxicity, oxidative damage and other adverse effects in Caenorhabditis elegans. Environmental Science. Nano, 5(8): 2009–2020
Lin Y M, Sun J N, Yang X W, Qin R Y, Zhang Z Q (2023). Fluorinated magnetic porous carbons for dispersive solid-phase extraction of perfluorinated compounds. Talanta 252: 123860
Liu J, Xu G, Ruan X, Li K, Zhang L (2022). V-shaped substrate for surface and volume enhanced Raman spectroscopic analysis of microplastics. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 16(11): 143
Liu S, Chen Y, Wang Y, Zhao G (2019). Group-targeting detection of total steroid estrogen using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry, 91(12): 7639–7647
Liu Z H, Dang Z, Liu Y (2021). Legislation against endocrine-disrupting compounds in drinking water: essential but not enough to ensure water safety. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 28(15): 19505–19510
Long D A (1977). Raman spectroscopy. New York, 1
Lv L, He L, Jiang S, Chen J, Zhou C, Qu J, Lu Y, Hong P, Sun S, Li C (2020). In situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for detecting microplastics and nanoplastics in aquatic environments. The Science of the Total Environment, 728: 138449
Markina N E, Markin A V, Weber K, Popp J, Cialla-May D (2020). Liquid-liquid extraction-assisted SERS-based determination of sulfamethoxazole in spiked human urine. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1109: 61–68
März A, Ackermann K R, Malsch D, Bocklitz T, Henkel T, Popp J (2009). Towards a quantitative SERS approach-online monitoring of analytes in a microfluidic system with isotope-edited internal standards. Journal of Biophotonics, 2(4): 232–242
Meng Y, Liu W, Fiedler H, Zhang J, Wei X, Liu X, Peng M, Zhang T (2021). Fate and risk assessment of emerging contaminants in reclaimed water production processes. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 15(5): 104
Moskovits M (2005). Surface — enhanced Raman spectroscopy: a brief retrospective. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy: JRS, 36(6–7): 485–496
Mulvaney S P, Keating C D (2000). Raman spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry, 72(12): 145R–157R
Oakley L H, Fabian D M, Mayhew H E, Svoboda S A, Wustholz K L (2012). Pretreatment strategies for SERS analysis of indigo and Prussian blue in aged painted surfaces. Analytical Chemistry, 84(18): 8006–8012
Ong T T X, Blanch E W, Jones O A H (2020). Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy in environmental analysis, monitoring and assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 720: 137601
Ou F S, Hu M, Naumov I, Kim A, Wu W, Bratkovsky A M, Li X, Williams R S, Li Z (2011). Hot-spot engineering in polygonal nanofinger assemblies for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Nano Letters, 11(6): 2538–2542
Ouyang L, Ren W, Zhu L, Irudayaraj J (2017). Prosperity to challenges: recent approaches in SERS substrate fabrication. Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 36(1): 20160027
Patze S, Huebner U, Liebold F, Weber K, Cialla-May D, Popp J (2017). SERS as an analytical tool in environmental science: The detection of sulfamethoxazole in the nanomolar range by applying a microfluidic cartridge setup. Analytica Chimica Acta, 949: 1–7
Pérez-Jiménez A I, Lyu D, Lu Z, Liu G, Ren B (2020). Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: benefits, trade-offs and future developments. Chemical Science, 11(18): 4563–4577
Petrović M, Gonzalez S, Barceló D (2003). Analysis and removal of emerging contaminants in wastewater and drinking water. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 22(10): 685–696
Pu H, Xie X, Sun D W, Wei Q, Jiang Y (2019). Double strand DNA functionalized Au@Ag Nps for ultrasensitive detection of 17β-estradiol using surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy. Talanta, 195: 419–425
Puente C, Brosseau C L, Lopez I (2022). Thiacloprid detection by silver nanocubes-based SERS sensor. IEEE Transactions on Nanobioscience, 21(1): 141–143
Qiao W, Li R, Tang T, Zuh A A (2021). Removal, distribution and plant uptake of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in a simulated constructed wetland system. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 15(2): 20
Qin L, Duan Z, Cheng H, Wang Y, Zhang H, Zhu Z, Wang L (2021). Size-dependent impact of polystyrene microplastics on the toxicity of cadmium through altering neutrophil expression and metabolic regulation in zebrafish larvae. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 291: 118169
Qiu R, Song Y, Zhang X, Xie B, He D (2020). Microplastics in Terrestrial Environments: Emerging Contaminants and Major Challenges. Berlin: Springer International Publishing
Richardson S D (2009). Water analysis: emerging contaminants and current issues. Analytical Chemistry, 81(12): 4645–4677
Schlücker S (2014). Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: concepts and chemical applications. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English), 53(19): 4756–4795
Schriks M, Heringa M B, van der Kooi M M E, de Voogt P, van Wezel A P (2010). Toxicological relevance of emerging contaminants for drinking water quality. Water Research, 44(2): 461–476
Selahle S K, Mpupa A, Nomngongo P N (2021). A review of extraction, analytical, and advanced methods for the determination of neonicotinoid insecticides in environmental water matrices. Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 40(1): 187–203
Shen W, Lin X, Jiang C, Li C, Lin H, Huang J, Wang S, Liu G, Yan X, Zhong Q, Ren B (2015). Reliable quantitative SERS analysis facilitated by core—shell nanoparticles with embedded internal standards. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English), 54(25): 7308–7312
Shoemaker J A, Tettenhorst D R (2020). Method 537.1: Determination of selected per- and polyflourinated alkyl substances in drinking water by solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Washington, DC
Simazaki D, Kubota R, Suzuki T, Akiba M, Nishimura T, Kunikane S (2015). Occurrence of selected pharmaceuticals at drinking water purification plants in Japan and implications for human health. Water Research, 76: 187–200
Stewart A, Murray S, Bell S E (2015). Simple preparation of positively charged silver nanoparticles for detection of anions by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Analyst, 140(9): 2988–2994
Sun J, Luo Q, Wang D, Wang Z (2015). Occurrences of pharmaceuticals in drinking water sources of major river watersheds, China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 117: 132–140
Thompson R C, Olsen Y, Mitchell R P, Davis A, Rowland S J, John A W G, McGonigle D, Russell A E (2004). Lost at sea: where is all the plastic? Science, 304(5672): 838
United States Geological Survey (2019). Emerging Contaminants. Washington, DC: United States Geological Survey
U.S. EPA (2022a). Contaminants of Emerging Concern Including Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA (2022b). Drinking Water Health Advisories for PFOA and PFOS. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA
van Wezel A, Caris I, Kools S A (2016). Release of primary microplastics from consumer products to wastewater in the Netherlands. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 35(7): 1627–1631
Wang C, Zhao J, Xing B (2021a). Environmental source, fate, and toxicity of microplastics. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 407: 124357
Wang H, Wei H (2022). Controlled citrate oxidation on gold nanoparticle surfaces for improved surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic analysis of low-affinity organic micropollutants. Langmuir, 38(16): 4958–4968
Wang K, Sun D W, Pu H, Wei Q (2021b). Polymer multilayers enabled stable and flexible Au@Ag nanoparticle array for nondestructive SERS detection of pesticide residues. Talanta, 223(Pt 2): 121782
Wang Q, Liu Y, Bai Y, Yao S, Wei Z, Zhang M, Wang L, Wang L (2019). Superhydrophobic SERS substrates based on silver dendrite-decorated filter paper for trace detection of nitenpyram. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1049: 170–178
Wang R, Chon H, Lee S, Cheng Z, Hong S H, Yoon Y H, Choo J (2016). Highly sensitive detection of hormone estradiol E2 using surface-enhanced Raman scattering based immunoassays for the clinical diagnosis of precocious puberty. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 8(17): 10665–10672
Wee S Y, Aris A Z (2017). Endocrine disrupting compounds in drinking water supply system and human health risk implication. Environment International, 106: 207–233
Wei H, Cho S W (2022). Emerging Nanotechnologies for Water Treatment: Royal Society of Chemistry, 30–47
Wei H, Leng W, Song J, Liu C, Willner M R, Huang Q, Zhou W, Vikesland P J (2019). Real-time monitoring of ligand exchange kinetics on gold nanoparticle surfaces enabled by hot spot-normalized surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Environmental Science & Technology, 53(2): 575–585
Wei H, Leng W, Song J, Willner M R, Marr L C, Zhou W, Vikesland P J (2018). Improved quantitative SERS enabled by surface plasmon enhanced elastic light scattering. Analytical Chemistry, 90(5): 3227–3237
Wei H, Vikesland P J (2015). pH-triggered molecular alignment for reproducible SERS detection via an AuNP/nanocellulose platform. Scientific Reports, 5(1): 18131
Wood T J, Goulson D (2017). The environmental risks of neonicotinoid pesticides: a review of the evidence post 2013. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 24(21): 17285–17325
World Health Organization (2012). Pharmaceuticals in Drinking-Water. Geneva: World Health Organization
Wu J, Lu J, Wu J (2022). Effect of gastric fluid on adsorption and desorption of endocrine disrupting chemicals on microplastics. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 16(8): 104
Xu D, Su W, Lu H, Luo Y, Yi T, Wu J, Wu H, Yin C, Chen B (2022). A gold nanoparticle doped flexible substrate for microplastics SERS detection. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics: PCCP, 24(19): 12036–12042
Xu G, Cheng H, Jones R, Feng Y, Gong K, Li K, Fang X, Tahir M A, Valev V K, Zhang L (2020a). Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy facilitates the detection of microplastics < 1 µm in the environment. Environmental Science & Technology, 54(24): 15594–15603
Xu Y, Kutsanedzie F Y, Hassan M M, Zhu J, Li H, Chen Q (2020b). Functionalized hollow Au@ Ag nanoflower SERS matrix for pesticide sensing in food. Sensors and Actuators. B, Chemical, 324: 128718
Yang Q, Zhang S, Su J, Li S, Lv X, Chen J, Lai Y, Zhan J (2022). Identification of trace polystyrene nanoplastics down to 50 nm by the hyphenated method of filtration and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy based on silver nanowire membranes. Environmental Science & Technology, 56(15): 10818–10828
Yang Y, Creedon N, O’riordan A, Lovera P (2021). Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy: applications in agriculture and food safety. Photonics, 8(12): 568
Yaseen T, Pu H, Sun D W (2018). Functionalization techniques for improving SERS substrates and their applications in food safety evaluation: a review of recent research trends. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 72: 162–174
Yin R, Ge H, Chen H, Du J, Sun Z, Tan H, Wang S (2021). Sensitive and rapid detection of trace microplastics concentrated through Au-nanoparticle-decorated sponge on the basis of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Environmental Advances, 5: 100096
Zavaleta C L, Smith B R, Walton I, Doering W, Davis G, Shojaei B, Natan M J, Gambhir S S (2009). Multiplexed imaging of surface enhanced Raman scattering nanotags in living mice using noninvasive Raman spectroscopy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(32): 13511–13516
Zhao J, Hinton P, Chen J, Jiang J (2019). Causal inference for the effect of environmental chemicals on chronic kidney disease. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, 18: 93–99
Zhao P, Liu H, Zhang L, Zhu P, Ge S, Yu J (2020). Paper-based SERS sensing platform based on 3D silver dendrites and molecularly imprinted identifier sandwich hybrid for neonicotinoid quantification. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 12(7): 8845–8854
Zhou X, Hu Z, Yang D, Xie S, Jiang Z, Niessner R, Haisch C, Zhou H, Sun P (2020). Bacteria detection: from powerful SERS to its advanced compatible techniques. Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany), 7(23): 2001739
Zhou X X, Liu R, Hao L T, Liu J F (2021). Identification of polystyrene nanoplastics using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Talanta, 221: 121552
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the startup fund from the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, the Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Graduate Education (OVCRGE) at the University of Wisconsin—Madison, and the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (WARF) for the support of this study. Additional support was provided by the National Science Foundation (No. 2132026).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Highlights
• Definition of emerging contaminants in drinking water is introduced.
• SERS and standard methods for emerging contaminant analysis are compared.
• Enhancement factor and accessibility of SERS hot spots are equally important.
• SERS sensors should be tailored according to emerging contaminant properties.
• Challenges to meet drinking water regulatory guidelines are discussed.
Special Issue-Emerging Contaminants: Science and Policy (Responsible Editors: Bin Wang, Qian Sui, Haoran Wei, Damià Barceló & Gang Yu)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cho, S.W., Wei, H. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for emerging contaminant analysis in drinking water. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. 17, 57 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-023-1657-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-023-1657-5