Abstract
Several novel and some previously known, mostly sugar-based, surfactants have been synthesized and some of their surface properties have been characterized and compared with those of commercial nonylphenol ethoxylates. The surfactant solubility in water, ethanol, and dodecane was studied. The properties of these compounds as emulsification agents in systems composed of the surfactant with water/isopropyl myristate, water/rapeseed oil, and water/dodecane are presented. The aqueous solubility of the surfactants follows the general trend expected from their hydrophilic-lipophilic balance according to Griffin (HLBG), but it is also clear that the nature of the headgroup and the structure of the nonpolar part affect the solubility in a manner not aptured in the standard HLBG concept. An ester or amine group as the connecting unit between the hydrophile and the hydrophobe produces a more water-soluble surfactant than the corresponding amide derivative. Some effective emulsifiers were found. For instance, the surfactants with a dehydroabietic nonpolar group appear to be promosing emulsifiers. Most sugar-based surfactants were able to form macroemulsions of up to around 2 wt/vol% of oil. The stability of many of these amulsions was very high, extending for months.
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Abbreviations
- 2D:
-
two-dimensional
- DMSO:
-
dimethylsulfoxide
- HLB:
-
hydrophilic-lipophilic balance
- HLBd:
-
HLB according to Davies
- HLBG:
-
HLB according to Griffin
- IR:
-
infrared
- lit.:
-
literature
- MeOH:
-
methanol
- m.p.:
-
melting point
- MW:
-
molecular weight
- NMR:
-
nuclear magnetic resonance
- NP-6, NP-10, and NP-20:
-
nonylphonolethoxylates of 6, 10, and 20 ethylene oxide units
- O/W:
-
oil in water
- PEG:
-
polyethyelene glycol
- PTT:
-
phase inversion temperature
- W/O:
-
water in oil
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Piispanen, P.S., Persson, M., Claesson, P. et al. Surface properties of surfactants derived from natural products. Part 1: Syntheses and structure/property relationships—Solubility and emulsification. J Surfact Deterg 7, 147–159 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11743-004-0298-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11743-004-0298-6