Abstract
In the present work, the synthesis of micro- and nano-sized spheres of metallic bismuth by microwave-assisted solvothermal method is reported. The synthesis method was carried out at different power levels and at a unique frequency of microwave irradiation. The sphere sizes were controlled by the microwave power level and the concentration of dissolved precursor. Structural and morphological characterization was performed by SEM, HRTEM, EELS and XRD. The results demonstrated that rhombohedral zero valent Bi spheres were synthesized after microwave radiation at 600 and 1200 W. However, if the power level is decreased to 120W, a monoclinic phase of Bi2O3 is obtained with a flake-like morphology. In comparison with a conventional hydrothermal process, the microwave-assisted solvothermal approach provides many advantages such as shorter reaction time, optimum manipulation of morphologies and provides a specific chemical phase and avoids the mixture of structural phases and morphologies which is essential for further applications such as drug delivery or functionalization with organic materials, thanks to its biocompatibility.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Wu J, Yang H, Li H, et al. Microwave synthesis of bismuth nanospheres using bismuthcitrate as a precursor. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2010, 498(2): L8–L11
Kharissova O V, Osorio M. Morphological studies of bismuth nanostructures prepared by hydrothermal microwave heating. MRS Online Proceeding Library, 2012, 1449: bb03–02
Liu X, Cao H, Yin J. Generation and photocatalytic activities of Bi@Bi2O3 microspheres. Nano Research, 2011, 4(5): 470–482
Huang Q, Zhang S, Cai C, et al. ß- and a-Bi2O3 nanoparticles synthesized via microwave-assisted method and their photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of rhodamine B. Materials Letters, 2011, 65(6): 988–990
Bartonickova E, Cihlar J, Castkova K. Microwave-assisted synthesis of bismuth oxide. Processing and Application of Ceramics, 2007, 1(1–2): 29–33
Anandan S, Wu J J. Microwave assisted rapid synthesis of Bi2O3 short nanorods. Materials Letters, 2009, 63(27): 2387–2389
Ma M G, Zhu J F, Sun R C, et al. Microwave-assisted synthesis of hierarchical Bi2O3 spheres assembled from nanosheets with pore structure. Materials Letters, 2010, 64(13): 1524–1527
Jhung S H, Lee J H, Yoon J W, et al. Microwave synthesis of chromium terephtalate MIL-101 and its benzene sorption ability. Advanced Materials, 2007, 19(1): 121–124
Zhu H, Wang X, Li Y, et al. Microwave synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles with electrochemiluminescence properties. Chemical Communications, 2009, 34(34): 5118–5120
Wang X, Qu K, Xu B, et al. Microwave assisted one-step green synthesis of cell-permeable multicolor photoluminescent carbon dots without surface passivation reagents. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2011, 21(8): 2445–2450
Panda A B, Glaspell G, El-Shall M S. Microwave synthesis of highly aligned ultra narrow semiconductor rods and wires. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2006, 128(9): 2790–2791
Tompsett G A, Conner W C, Yngvesson K S. Microwave synthesis of nanoporous materials. ChemPhysChem, 2006, 7(2): 296–319
Borja-Urby R, Diaz-Torres L A, Garcia-Martinez I, et al. Crystalline and narrow band gap semiconductor BaZrO3: Bi–Si synthesized by microwave-hydrothermal synthesis. Catalysis Today, 2015, 250: 95–101
Knochel P, Molander G A, eds. Comprehensive Organic Synthesis. 2nd ed. Oxford: Elsevier, 2014, 237–239
Kappe C O. Speeding up solid-phase chemistry by microwave irradiation: A tool for high-throughput synthesis. American Laboratory, 2001, 33(10): 13–19
Sutton W H. Microwave processing of ceramic materials. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 1989, 68: 376–386
Thostenson E T, Chou T W. Microwave processing: Fundamentals and applications. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 1999, 30(9): 1055–1071
Zhu Y J, Chen F. Microwave-assisted preparation of inorganic nanostructures in liquid phase. Chemical Reviews, 2014, 114(12): 6462–6555
Leadbeater N E, ed. Microwave Heating as A Tool for Sustainable Chemistry. CRC Press, 2010, 6–9
Hayes B. Microwave Synthesis Chemistry at Speed of Light. USA: CEM Publishing, 2002, 14–16
Chandra U. Microwave Heating. Croatia: InTech, 2011, 3
Kappe C O, Dallinger D, Murphree S S. Practical Microwave Synthesis for Organic Chemist, Strategies, Instruments and Protocols. Wiley-VCH, 2009, 11–15
Hasegawa Y, Murata M, Nakamura D, et al. Thermoelectric properties of bismuth micro/nanowire array elements pressured into a quartz template mold. Journal of Electronic Materials, 2009, 38(7): 944–949
Dresselhaus M S, Dresselhaus G, Sun X, et al. Low-dimensional thermoelectric materials. Physics of the Solid State, 1999, 41(5): 679–682
Boukai A, Xu K, Heath J R. Size-dependent transport and thermoelectric properties of individual polycrystalline bismuth nanowires. Advanced Materials, 2006, 18(7): 864–869
Zhao X B, Ji X H, Zhang Y H, et al. Bismuth telluride nanotubes and the effects on the thermoelectric properties of nanotubecontaining nanocomposites. Applied Physics Letters, 2005, 86(6): 062111
Zhou J, Jin C, Seol J H, et al. Thermoelectric properties of individual electrodeposited bismuth telluride nanowires. Applied Physics Letters, 2005, 87(13): 133109
Poudel B, Hao Q, Ma Y, et al. High-thermoelectric performance of nanostructured bismuth antimony telluride bulk alloys. Science, 2008, 320(5876): 634–638
Mishra S K, Satpathy S, Jepsen O. Electronic structure and thermoelectric properties of bismuth telluride and bismuth selenide. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 1997, 9(2): 461–470
Maeder T. Review of Bi2O3 based glasses for electronics and related applications. International Materials Reviews, 2013, 58(1): 3–40
Aviv H, Bartling S, Grinberg I, et al. Synthesis and characterization of Bi2O3/HSA core–shell nanoparticles for X-ray imaging applications. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B, 2013, 101B(1): 101–138
Abdullah A H, Ali N M, Ibrahim M, et al. Synthesis of bismuth vanadate as visible-light photocatalyst. The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 2009, 13(2): 151–157
Brezesinski K, Ostermann R, Hartmann P, et al. Exceptional photocatalytic activity of ordered mesoporous ß-Bi2O3 thin films and electrospun nanofiber. Chemistry of Materials, 2010, 22(10): 3079–3085
Salvador J A, Silvestre S M, Pinto R M. Bismuth(III) reagents in steroid and terpene chemistry. Molecules, 2011, 16(4): 2884–2913
Lockner J. Bismuth in organic synthesis. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 1996, 2673
Liao H, Nehl C L, Hafner J H. Biomedical applications of plasmon resonant metal nanoparticles. Nanomedicine, 2006, 1(2): 201–208
Lin D J, Huang H L, Hsu J T, et al. Surface characterization of bismuth-doped anodized titanium. Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering, 2013, 33(6): 538–544
Hernandez-Delgadillo R, Badireddy A R, Zaragoza-Magaña V, et al. Effect of lipophilic bismuth nanoparticles on erythrocytes. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2015, 264024 (9 pages)
Brown A L, Goforth A M. pH-Dependent synthesis and stability of aqueous, elemental bismuth glyconanoparticle colloids: Potentially biocompatible X-ray contrast agents. Chemistry of Materials, 2012, 24(9): 1599–1605
Rieznichenko L S, Gruzina T G, Dybkova SM, et al. Investigation of bismuth nanoparticles antimicrobial activity against high pathogen microorganisms. American Journal of Bioterrorism, Biosecurity and Biodefense, 2015, 2(1): 1004
Gong J, Lee C S, Chang Y Y, et al. A novel self-assembling nanoparticle of Ag–Bi with high reactive efficiency. Chemical Communications, 2014, 50(62): 8597–8600
Valverde-Aguilar G, Prado-Prone G, Vergara-Aragón P, et al. Photoconductivity studies on nanoporous TiO2/dopamine films prepared by sol–gel method. Applied Physics A, 2014, 116(3): 1075–1084
Boeré R T, Duke M. Chemistry 2810 Laboratory Manual. Springer, 2003, 1–22
Wang Y, Zhao J, Zhao X, et al. A facile water-based process for preparation of stabilized Bi nanoparticles. Materials Research Bulletin, 2009, 44(1): 220–223
Wang J, Wang X, Peng Q, et al. Synthesis and characterization of bismuth single-crystalline nanowires and nanospheres. Inorganic Chemistry, 2004, 43(23): 7552–7556
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Estrada Flores, M., Santiago Jacinto, P., Reza San Germán, C.M. et al. Surfactant-free synthesis of metallic bismuth spheres by microwave-assisted solvothermal approach as a function of the power level. Front. Mater. Sci. 10, 394–404 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-016-0356-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-016-0356-6