Abstract
Titanium silicalite-1(TS-1) treated with triethylamine (TEA) solution under different conditions was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectrum (UV-Vis), nitrogen physical adsorption and desorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The characterization results show that many irregular hollows are generated in the TS-1 crystals due to the random dissolution of framework silicon and the volume of the hollow cavities increase with increasing the TEA concentration, and the treatment temperature and time. The modified TS-1 samples improved in varying degrees the catalyst life for the epoxidation of propylene in a fixed-bed reactor probably due to the generation of the hollows to make it easy for the reactants and products to diffuse out of the channels.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Valbert J R, Zajacek J G, Orenbuch D. Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design. New York: American Library Association Press, 1993, 88
Nijhuis T A, Makkee M, Moulijn J A, Weckhuysen B M. The production of propene oxide: Catalytic process and recent development. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2006, 45(10): 3447–3459
Wang L N, Wang Y Q, Wu G Q, Feng WP, Zhang T, Yang R M, Jin X, Shi H N, Wang S H. Epoxidation of propylene over Titanosilicate-1 in fixed-bed reactor: Experiment and Kinetics. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 2014, 26(4): 943–950
Taramasso M, Perego G, Notari B U S. Patent, 4410501, 1983-07-12
Peregot G, Bellussi G, Corno C, Taramasso M, Buonomot F, Esposito A. New developments in zeolite science and technology. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 1986, 28: 129–136
Bhaumik A. Tatsumi T. Selective dihydroxylation over titanium silicate molecular sieves. Journal of Catalysis, 1998, 176(2): 305–309
Mukherjee P, Bhaumik A, Kumar R. Eco-friendly, selective hydroxylation of C-7 aromatic compounds catalyzed by TS-1/H2O2 system under solvent-free solid-liquid-liquid-type triphase conditions. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2007, 46(25): 8657–8664
Sheldon R A, Downing R S. Heterogeneous catalytic transformation for environmentally friendly production. Applied Catalysis A, General, 1999, 189(2): 163–183
Corma A, Garcia H. Lewis acids as catalysts in oxidation reactions: From homogeneous to heterogeneous systems. Chemical Reviews, 2002, 102(10): 3837–3892
Kong L Y, Li G, Wang X S. Kinetics and mechanism of liquid-phase oxidation of thiophene over TS-1 using H2O2 under mild conditions. Catalysis Letters, 2004, 92(3–4): 163–167
Wang X X, Li G, Wang W H, Jin C Z, Chen Y Y. Synthesis, characterization and catalytic performance of hierarchical TS-1 with carbon template from sucrose carbonization. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2011, 142(2–3): 494–502
Clerici M G, Bellussi G, Romano U. Synthesis of propylene oxide from propylene and hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by titanium silicalite. Journal of Catalysis, 1991, 129(1): 159–167
Thiele G F, Roland E. Propylene epoxidation with hydrogen peroxide and titanium silicalite catalyst: Activity, deactivation and regeneration of the catalyst. Journal of Molecular Catalysis, 1997, 117(1–3): 351–356
Tuel A. Crystallization of titanium silicalite-1 from gels containing hexanediamine and tetrapropylammonium bromide. Zeolites, 1996, 16(2–3): 108–117
Wang X S, Guo X W, Li G. Synthesis of titanium silicalite from the TPABr system and its catalytic properties for epoxidation of propylene. Catalysis Today, 2002, 74(1–2): 65–75
Liz W. HPPO plant for Antwerp. Urethane Technology, 2004, 21(5): 4
Perego C, Carati A, Ingallina P, Mantegazza M A, Bellussi G. Production of titanium containing molecular sieves and their application in catalysis. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2001, 221(1–2): 63–72
Li C Y, Shen B X, Zhao J G. Effect of propylene glycol monomethyl ether and rust impurities on TS-1 deactivation in propylene epoxidation. Catalysis Today, 2013, 212: 169–174
Zuo Y, Song W, Dai C, He Y, Wang M, Wang X, Guo X. Modification of small-crystal titanium silicalite-1 with organic bases: Recrystallization and catalytic properties in hydroxylation of phenol. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2013, 453: 272–279
Tao Y, Kanoh H, Abrams L, Kaneko K. Mesopore-modified zeolites: Preparation, characterization and applications. Chemical Reviews, 2006, 106(3): 896–910
Wang Y, Tuel A. Naniporous zeolite single crystals: ZSM-5 nanoboxed with uniform intracrystalline hollow structure. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2008, 113(1–3): 286–295
Groen J C, Peffer A A, Moulijin J A, Pérez-Ramírez J. On the introduction of intracrystalline mesoporosity in zeolites upon desilication in alkaline medium. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2004, 69(1–2): 29–34
Silvestre-Albero A, Grau-Atienza A, Serrano E, García-Martínez J, Silvestre-Albero J. Desilication of TS-1 zeolite for the oxidation of bulky molecules. Catalysis Communications, 2014, 44: 35–39
Lin M, Shu X, Wang X, Zhu B U S. Patent, 6475465, 2002
Lin M, Zhu B, Shu X T, Wang X Q. The development and application of hierarchical titanium silicalite-1. Petrochemical Technology, 2005, 34: 377–379
Wang Y, Lin M, Tuel A. Hollow TS-1 crystals formed via a dissolution recrystallization process. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2007, 102(1–3): 80–85
Tsai S, Chao P, Tsai T, Wang I, Liu X, Guo X. Effect of pore structure of post-treated TS-1 on phenol hydroxylation. Catalysis Today, 2009, 148(1–2): 174–178
Lin J, Xin F, Yang L, Zhuang Z. Synthesis, charactrtization of hierarchical TS-1 and its catalytic performance for cyclohexanone ammoximation. Catalysis Communications, 2014, 45: 104–108
Wu G Q, Wang Y Q, Wang L N, Feng W P, Shi H N, Lin Y, Zhang T, Jin X, Wang S H, Wu X X, Yao P X. Epoxidation of propylene with H2O2 catalyzed by supported TS-1 catalyst in a fixed-bed reactor: Experiments and kinetics. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2013, 215–216: 306–314
Clerici M G, Ingallina P. Epoxidation of lower olefins with hydrogen peroxide and titanium silicalite. Journal of Catalysis, 1993, 140(1): 71–83
Wang X B, Zhang X, Liu H, Yeung K L, Wang J. Preparation of titanium silicalite-1 catalytic films and application as catalytic membrane reactor. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2010, 156(3): 562–570
Serrano D P, Sanz R, Pizarro P, Moreno I. Nanosized gold-catalyed selective oxidation of alkyl-substituted benzenes and n-alkanes. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2012, 435–436: 32–42
Groen J C, Moulijn J A, Pérez-Ramírez J. Alkaline posttreatment of MFI zeolite. From accelerated screening to scale-up. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2007, 46(12): 4193–4201
Fejes P, Nagy J B, Halász J, Oszkó A. Heat-treatment of isomorphously substituted ZSM-5 zeolites and its structural consequences: An X-ray diffraction, 29Si Mas-NMR, XPS and FTIR spectroscopy study. Applied Catalysis A, General, 1998, 175(1–2): 89–104
Ricchiardi G, Damin A, Bordiga S, Lamberti C, Spanò G, Rivetti F, Zecchina A. Vibrational structure of titanium silicate catalysts: A spectroscopic and theoretical study. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2001, 123(46): 11409–11419
Thangaraj A, Kumar R, Mirajkar S P, Ratnasamy P. Catalytic properties of crystalline titanium silicalite-1: Synthesis and characterization of titanium-rich zeolites with MFI structure. Journal of Catalysis, 1991, 130(1): 1–8
Tatsumi T, Jappar N. Ammoximation of cyclic ketones on TS-1 and Amorphous SiO2-TiO2. Journal of Catalysis, 1996, 161(2): 570–576
Serrano D P, Calleja G, Botas J A, Gutierrez F J. Characterization of adsorption and hydrophobic properties of siliacalite-1, ZSM-5, TS-1 and Beta zeolites by TPD Techniques. Separation and Purification Technology, 2007, 54(1): 1–9
On D T, Kaliaguine S, Bonneviot L. Titanium boralites with MFI structure characterized XRD, XANES, IR and UV-Visible techniques: Effect of hydrogen peroxide on the preparation. Journal of Catalysis, 1995, 157(1): 235–243
Deng X J, Wang Y N, Shen L, Wu H H, Liu YM, He MY. Low-cost synthesis of titanium silicalite-1 with highly catalytic oxidation performance through a controlled hydrolysis process. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2013, 52(3): 1190–1196
Clerici M G, Bellussi G, Romano U. Synthesis of propylene oxide from propylene and hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by titanium silicalite. Journal of Catalysis, 1991, 129(1): 159–167
Wang Q F, Wang L, Chen J X, Wu Y L, Mi Z T. Deactivation and regeneration of titanium silicalite catalyst for epoxidation of propylene. Journal of Molecule Catalysis A, Chemical, 2007, 273(1–2): 73–80
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xu, J., Wang, Y., Feng, W. et al. Effect of triethylamine treatment of titanium silicalite-1 on propylene epoxidation. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng. 8, 478–487 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-014-1453-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-014-1453-7