Abstract
Many applications of metasurfaces require an ability to dynamically change their properties in the time domain. Electrical tuning techniques are of particular interest, since they pave a way to on-chip integration of metasurfaces with optoelectronic devices. In this work, we propose and experimentally demonstrate an electro-optic lithium niobate (EO-LN) metasurface that shows dynamic modulations to phase retardation of transmitted light. Quasi-bound states in the continuum (QBIC) are observed from this metasurface. By applying external electric voltages, the refractive index of lithium niobate (LN) is changed by Pockels EO nonlinearity, leading to efficient phase modulations to the transmitted light around the QBIC wavelength. The EO-LN metasurface developed in this study opens up new routes for potential applications in the field of displaying, pulse shaping, and spatial light modulating.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
N. I. Zheludev, and Y. S. Kivshar, Nat. Mater. 11, 917 (2012).
G. Li, S. Zhang, and T. Zentgraf, Nat. Rev. Mater. 2, 17010 (2017).
A. M. Shaltout, V. M. Shalaev, and M. L. Brongersma, Science 364, eaat3100 (2019).
Q. He, S. Sun, and L. Zhou, Research 2019, 1 (2019).
M. Ren, W. Cai, and J. Xu, Adv. Mater. 32, 1806317 (2020).
Q. Wang, G. H. Yuan, K. S. Kiang, K. Sun, B. Gholipour, E. T. F. Rogers, K. Huang, S. S. Ang, N. I. Zheludev, and J. H. Teng, Appl. Phys. Lett. 110, 201110 (2017).
M. Taghinejad, H. Taghinejad, Z. Xu, K. T. Lee, S. P. Rodrigues, J. Yan, A. Adibi, T. Lian, and W. Cai, Nano Lett. 18, 5544 (2018).
M. X. Ren, W. Wu, W. Cai, B. Pi, X. Z. Zhang, and J. J. Xu, Light Sci. Appl. 6, e16254 (2017).
L. H. Nicholls, F. J. Rodríguez-Fortuño, M. E. Nasir, R. M. Córdova-Castro, N. Olivier, G. A. Wurtz, and A. V. Zayats, Nat. Photon. 11, 628 (2017).
C. Guan, J. Shi, J. Liu, H. Liu, P. Li, W. Ye, and S. Zhang, Laser Photon. Rev. 13, 1800242 (2019).
J. Y. Ou, E. Plum, L. Jiang, and N. I. Zheludev, Nano Lett. 11, 2142 (2011).
X. Yin, M. Schäferling, A. K. U. Michel, A. Tittl, M. Wuttig, T. Taubner, and H. Giessen, Nano Lett. 15, 4255 (2015).
G. Di Martino, S. Tappertzhofen, S. Hofmann, and J. Baumberg, Small 12, 1334 (2016).
X. Duan, S. Kamin, and N. Liu, Nat. Commun. 8, 14606 (2017).
Z. L. Sámson, K. F. MacDonald, F. De Angelis, B. Gholipour, K. Knight, C. C. Huang, E. Di Fabrizio, D. W. Hewak, and N. I. Zheludev, Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 143105 (2010), arXiv: 0912.4288.
A. Karvounis, V. V. Vogler-Neuling, F. U. Richter, E. Deénervaud, M. Timofeeva, and R. Grange, Adv. Opt. Mater. 8, 2000623 (2020).
M. M. Salary, A. Forouzmand, and H. Mosallaei, ACS Photon. 4, 63 (2017).
H. T. Chen, W. J. Padilla, J. M. O. Zide, A. C. Gossard, A. J. Taylor, and R. D. Averitt, Nature 444, 597 (2006).
N. Dabidian, I. Kholmanov, A. B. Khanikaev, K. Tatar, S. Trendafilov, S. H. Mousavi, C. Magnuson, R. S. Ruoff, and G. Shvets, ACS Photon. 2, 216 (2015).
M. Decker, C. Kremers, A. Minovich, I. Staude, A. E. Miroshnichenko, D. Chigrin, D. N. Neshev, C. Jagadish, and Y. S. Kivshar, Opt. Express 21, 8879 (2013), arXiv: 1302.4484.
T. Driscoll, H. T. Kim, B. G. Chae, B. J. Kim, Y. W. Lee, N. M. Jokerst, S. Palit, D. R. Smith, M. Di Ventra, and D. N. Basov, Science 325, 1518 (2009), arXiv: 1003.0140.
Z. Y. Jia, F. Z. Shu, Y. J. Gao, F. Cheng, R. W. Peng, R. H. Fan, Y. Liu, and M. Wang, Phys. Rev. Appl. 9, 034009 (2018).
J. Lee, S. Jung, P. Y. Chen, F. Lu, F. Demmerle, G. Boehm, M. C. Amann, A. Alú, and M. A. Belkin, Adv. Opt. Mater. 2, 1057 (2014).
G. Gaborit, J. Dahdah, F. Lecoche, P. Jarrige, Y. Gaeremynck, E. Duraz, and L. Duvillaret, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 41, 2851 (2013).
T. S. El-Bawab, Optical Switching (Springer Science & Business Media, Heidelberg, 2008).
M. Levy, R. M. Osgood Jr., R. Liu, L. E. Cross, G. S. Cargill Iii, A. Kumar, and H. Bakhru, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2293 (1998).
P. Rabiei, and P. Gunter, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 4603 (2004).
G. Poberaj, H. Hu, W. Sohler, and P. Günter, Laser Photon. Rev. 6, 488 (2012).
Z. Fang, Y. Xu, M. Wang, L. Qiao, J. Lin, W. Fang, and Y. Cheng, Sci. Rep. 7, 45610 (2017), arXiv: 1701.05374.
Y. Kong, F. Bo, W. Wang, D. Zheng, H. Liu, G. Zhang, R. Rupp, and J. Xu, Adv. Mater. 32, 1806452 (2020).
D. Sun, Y. Zhang, D. Wang, W. Song, X. Liu, J. Pang, D. Geng, Y. Sang, and H. Liu, Light Sci. Appl. 9, 197 (2020).
M. Yu, Y. Okawachi, R. Cheng, C. Wang, M. Zhang, A. L. Gaeta, and M. Lončar, Light Sci. Appl. 9, 9 (2020), arXiv: 1909.00249.
Y. A. Liu, X. S. Yan, J. W. Wu, B. Zhu, Y. P. Chen, and X. F. Chen, Sci. China-Phys. Mech. Astron. 64, 234262 (2021), arXiv: 2009.12900.
Q. Luo, Z. Z. Hao, C. Yang, R. Zhang, D. H. Zheng, S. G. Liu, H. D. Liu, F. Bo, Y. F. Kong, G. Q. Zhang, and J. J. Xu, Sci. China-Phys. Mech. Astron. 64, 234263 (2021).
G. L. Long, Sci. China-Phys. Mech. Astron. 64, 234261 (2021).
J. T. Lin, Y. X. Xu, Z. W. Fang, M. Wang, N. W. Wang, L. L. Qiao, W. Fang, and Y. Cheng, Sci. China-Phys. Mech. Astron. 58, 114209 (2015), arXiv: 1405.6473.
M. Wang, R. Wu, J. Lin, J. Zhang, Z. Fang, Z. Chai, and Y. Cheng, Quantum Eng. 1, e9 (2019).
C. Wang, M. Zhang, X. Chen, M. Bertrand, A. Shams-Ansari, S. Chandrasekhar, P. Winzer, and M. Lončar, Nature 562, 101 (2018).
M. He, M. Xu, Y. Ren, J. Jian, Z. Ruan, Y. Xu, S. Gao, S. Sun, X. Wen, L. Zhou, L. Liu, C. Guo, H. Chen, S. Yu, L. Liu, and X. Cai, Nat. Photon. 13, 359 (2019), arXiv: 1807.10362.
T. Ding, Y. Zheng, and X. Chen, Opt. Lett. 44, 1524 (2019).
M. Li, J. Ling, Y. He, U. A. Javid, S. Xue, and Q. Lin, Nat. Commun. 11, 1 (2020).
A. Guarino, G. Poberaj, D. Rezzonico, R. Degl’Innocenti, and P. Günter, Nat. Photon. 1, 407 (2007), arXiv: 0705.2392.
M. Zhang, B. Buscaino, C. Wang, A. Shams-Ansari, C. Reimer, R. Zhu, J. M. Kahn, and M. Lončar, Nature 568, 373 (2019), arXiv: 1809.08636.
F. Bo, J. Wang, J. Cui, S. K. Ozdemir, Y. Kong, G. Zhang, J. Xu, and L. Yang, Adv. Mater. 27, 8075 (2015).
B. Gao, M. Ren, W. Wu, H. Hu, W. Cai, and J. Xu, Laser Photon. Rev. 13, 1800312 (2019), arXiv: 1810.11928.
B. Fang, H. Li, S. Zhu, and T. Li, Photon. Res. 8, 1296 (2020).
J. Ma, M. Ren, W. Wu, W. Cai, and J. Xu, arXiv: 2002.06594.
A. Fedotova, M. Younesi, J. Sautter, A. Vaskin, F. J. F. Löchner, M. Steinert, R. Geiss, T. Pertsch, I. Staude, and F. Setzpfandt, Nano Lett. 20, 8608 (2020).
J. Von Neuman, and E. Wigner, Phys. Z 30, 465 (1929).
H. Friedrich, and D. Wintgen, Phys. Rev. A 32, 3231 (1985).
D. C. Marinica, A. G. Borisov, and S. V. Shabanov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 183902 (2008).
C. W. Hsu, B. Zhen, A. D. Stone, J. D. Joannopoulos, and M. Soljačić, Nat. Rev. Mater. 1, 16048 (2016).
M. Wang, Y. Z. Wang, X. S. Xu, Y. Q. Hu, and G. L. Long, Opt. Express 27, 63 (2019).
K. Koshelev, S. Lepeshov, M. Liu, A. Bogdanov, and Y. Kivshar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 193903 (2018), arXiv: 1809.00330.
J. Xiang, Y. Xu, J. D. Chen, and S. Lan, Nanophotonics 9, 133 (2020).
Z. Liu, Y. Xu, Y. Lin, J. Xiang, T. Feng, Q. Cao, J. Li, S. Lan, and J. Liu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 253901 (2019).
Z. Huang, M. Wang, Y. Li, J. Shang, K. Li, W. Qiu, J. Dong, H. Guan, Z. Chen, and H. Lu, arXiv: 2006.10908.
S. I. Azzam, V. M. Shalaev, A. Boltasseva, and A. V. Kildishev, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 253901 (2018), arXiv: 1808.08244.
S. Han, L. Cong, Y. K. Srivastava, B. Qiang, M. V. Rybin, A. Kumar, R. Jain, W. X. Lim, V. G. Achanta, S. S. Prabhu, Q. J. Wang, Y. S. Kivshar, and R. Singh, Adv. Mater. 31, 1901921 (2019).
B. Wang, W. Liu, M. Zhao, J. Wang, Y. Zhang, A. Chen, F. Guan, X. Liu, L. Shi, and J. Zi, Nat. Photon. 14, 623 (2020), arXiv: 1909.12618.
L. Carletti, K. Koshelev, C. De Angelis, and Y. Kivshar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 033903 (2018), arXiv: 1804.02947.
S. D. Krasikov, A. A. Bogdanov, and I. V. Iorsh, Phys. Rev. B 97, 224309 (2018), arXiv: 1803.10980.
A. P. Anthur, H. Zhang, R. Paniagua-Dominguez, D. A. Kalashnikov, S. T. Ha, T. W. W. Maß, A. I. Kuznetsov, and L. Krivitsky, Nano Lett. 20, 8745 (2020).
A. Kodigala, T. Lepetit, Q. Gu, B. Bahari, Y. Fainman, and B. Kanté, Nature 541, 196 (2017), arXiv: 1508.05164.
C. Huang, C. Zhang, S. Xiao, Y. Wang, Y. Fan, Y. Liu, N. Zhang, G. Qu, H. Ji, J. Han, L. Ge, Y. Kivshar, and Q. Song, Science 367, 1018 (2020).
S. Romano, G. Zito, S. Torino, G. Calafiore, E. Penzo, G. Coppola, S. Cabrini, I. Rendina, and V. Mocella, Photon. Res. 6, 726 (2018).
A. Leitis, A. Tittl, M. Liu, B. H. Lee, M. B. Gu, Y. S. Kivshar, and H. Altug, Sci. Adv. 5, eaaw2871 (2019).
R. Geiss, S. Diziain, M. Steinert, F. Schrempel, E. B. Kley, A. Tünnermann, and T. Pertsch, Phys. Status Solidi A 211, 2421 (2014).
W. Zhang, W. Gao, L. Huang, D. Mao, B. Jiang, F. Gao, D. Yang, G. Zhang, J. Xu, and J. Zhao, Opt. Express 23, 17576 (2015).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
This work was supported by the Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research (Grant No. 2020B0301030009), the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant Nos. 2017YFA0305100, 2017YFA0303800, and 2019YFA0705000), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 92050114, 91750204, 61775106, 11904182, 12074200, and 11774185), the 111 Project (Grant No. B07013), PCSIRT (Grant No. IRT0149), the Open Research Program of Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant Nos. 010-63201003, 010-63201008, and 010-63201009), and Tianjin Youth Talent Support Program. We thank the Nanofabrication Platform of Nankai University for fabricating the samples.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gao, B., Ren, M., Wu, W. et al. Electro-optic lithium niobate metasurfaces. Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 64, 240362 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-021-1668-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-021-1668-y