Abstract
The China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES) deploys three payloads to detect the electromagnetic environment in the ionosphere. The tri-axial fluxgate magnetometers (FGM), as part of the high precision magnetometer (HPM), measures the Earth magnetic vector field in a frequency range from direct current (DC) to 15 Hz. The tri-axial search coil magnetometer (SCM) detects the alternating current (AC) related magnetic field in a frequency range from several Hz to 20 kHz, and the electric field detector (EFD) measures the spatial electric field in a broad frequency band from DC to 3.5 MHz. This work mainly cross-calibrates the consistency of these three payloads in their overlapped detection frequency range and firstly evaluates CSES’s timing system and the sampling time differences between EFD and SCM. A sampling time synchronization method for EFD and SCM waveform data is put forward. The consistency between FGM and SCM in the ultra-low-frequency (ULF) range is validated by using the magnetic torque (MT) signal as a reference. A natural quasiperiodic electromagnetic wave event verifies SCM and EFD’s consistency in extremely low-frequency and very low-frequency (ELF/VLF) bands. This cross-calibration work is helpful to upgrade the data quality of CSES and brings valuable insights to similar electromagnetic detection solutions by low earth orbit satellites.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Shen X H, Zong Q G, Zhang X M. Introduction to special section on the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite and initial results. Earth Planet Phys, 2018, 2: 439–443
Shen X H, Zhang X M, Yuan S G, et al. The state-of-the-art of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite mission. Sci China Tech Sci, 2018, 61: 634–642
Zhou B, Yang Y Y, Zhang Y T, et al. Magnetic field data processing methods of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite. Earth Planet Phys, 2018, 2: 455–461
Cheng B J, Zhou B, Magnes W, et al. High precision magnetometer for geomagnetic exploration onboard of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite. Sci China Tech Sci, 2018, 61: 659–668
Pollinger A, Lammegger R, Magnes W, et al. Coupled dark state magnetometer for the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite. Meas Sci Technol, 2018, 29: 095103
Cao J B, Zeng L, Zhan F, et al. The electromagnetic wave experiment for CSES mission: Search coil magnetometer. Sci China Tech Sci, 2018, 61: 653–658
Huang J P, Shen X H, Zhang X M, et al. Application system and data description of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite. Earth Planet Phys, 2018, 2: 444–454
Wang Q, Huang J, Zhang X, et al. China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite search coil magnetometer data and initial results. Earth Planetary Phys, 2018, 2: 462–468
Huang J P, Lei J G, Li S X, et al. The electric field detector (EFD) onboard the ZH-1 satellite and first observational results. Earth Planet Phys, 2018, 2: 469–478
Yan R, Guan Y, Shen X, et al. The Langmuir probe onboard CSES: Data inversion analysis method and first results. Earth Planetary Phys, 2018, 2: 479–488
Liu C, Guan Y B, Zheng X Z, et al. The technology of space plasma in-situ measurement on the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite. Sci China Tech Sci, 2019, 62: 829–838
Lin J, Shen X H, Hu L C, et al. CSES GNSS ionospheric inversion technique, validation and error analysis. Sci China Tech Sci, 2018, 61: 669–677
Chen L, Ou M, Yuan Y, et al. Preliminary observation results of the coherent beacon system onboard the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite-1. Earth Planetary Phys, 2018, 2: 505–514
Chu W, Huang J, Shen X, et al. Preliminary results of the high energetic particle package onboard the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite. Earth Planetary Phys, 2018, 2: 489–498
Li X Q, Xu Y B, An Z H, et al. The high-energy particle package onboard CSES. Radiat Detec Technol Methods, 2019, 3: 22
Picozza P, Battiston R, Ambrosi G, et al. Scientific goals and in-orbit performance of the high-energy particle detector on board the CSES. Astrophys J Suppl Ser, 2019, 243: 16
Robert P, Cornilleau-Wehrlin N, Piberne R, et al. CLUSTER-STAFF search coil magnetometer calibration-comparisons with FGM. Geosci Instrument Methods Data Syst, 2014, 3: 153–177
Bowen T A, Bale S D, Bonnell J W, et al. A merged search-coil and fluxgate magnetometer data product for parker solar probe FIELDS. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 2020, 125: e2020JA027813
Fischer D, Magnes W, Hagen C, et al. Optimized merging of search coil and fluxgate data for MMS. Geosci Instrument Methods Data Syst, 2016, 5: 521–530
Yin F. Mathematic approaches for the calibration of the CHAMP satellite magnetic field measurements. Dissertation for Master Degree. Berlin: Universität Potsdam, 2010
Parrot M, Berthelier J J, Lebreton J P, et al. Examples of unusual ionospheric observations made by the DEMETER satellite over seismic regions. Phys Chem Earth Parts A B C, 2006, 31: 486–495
Marchese J, Owens B, Cosgrove D, et al. Calibration of in-flight maneuver performance for the THEMIS and ARTEMIS mission spacecraft. AIAA Paper, 2012, AIAA-2010-2120
Yin F, Lühr H. Recalibration of the CHAMP satellite magnetic field measurements. Meas Sci Technol, 2011, 22: 055101
Zhima Z, Chen L, Xiong Y, et al. On the origin of ionospheric hiss: A conjugate observation. J Geophys Res Space Phys, 2017, 122: 11–784
Xia Z, Chen L, Zhima Z, et al. Statistical characteristics of ionospheric hiss waves. Geophys Res Lett, 2019, 46: 7147–7156
Chen L, Santolík O, Hajoš M, et al. Source of the low-altitude hiss in the ionosphere. Geophys Res Lett, 2017, 44: 2060–2069
Zhima Z, Huang J, Shen X, et al. Simultaneous observations of ELF/VLF rising-tone quasiperiodic waves and energetic electron precipitations in the high-latitude upper ionosphere. J Geophys Res Space Phys, 2020, 125: e2019JA027574
Hayosh M, Němec F, Santolík O, et al. Propagation properties of quasiperiodic VLF emissions observed by the DEMETER spacecraft. Geophys Res Lett, 2016, 43: 1007–1014
Němec F, Bezděková B, Manninen J, et al. Conjugate observations of a remarkable quasiperiodic event by the low-altitude DEMETER spacecraft and ground-based instruments. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 2016, 121: 8790–8803
Santolík O, Parrot M, Inan U S, et al. Propagation of unducted whistlers from their source lightning: A case study. J Geophys Res-Space Phys, 2009, 114: A03212
Inan U S, Piddyachiy D, Peter W B, et al. DEMETER satellite observations of lightning-induced electron precipitation. Geophys Res Let, 2007, 34: L07103
Gou X, Li L, Zhang Y, et al. Ionospheric Pc1 waves during a storm recovery phase observed by the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite. Annal Geophys, 2020, 38: 775–787
Yang Y Y, Zhima Z R, Shen X H, et al. The first intense geomagnetic storm event recorded by the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite. Space Weather, 2020, 18: e2019SW002243
Piersanti M, Pezzopane M, Zhima Z, et al. Can an impulsive variation of the solar wind plasma pressure trigger a plasma bubble? A case study based on CSES, Swarm and THEMIS data. Adv Space Res, 2021, 67: 35–45
Diego P, Huang J, Piersanti M, et al. The electric field detector on board the China Seismo Electromagnetic Satellite—In-Orbit Results and Validation. Instruments, 2021, 5: 1
Zhima Z, Hu Y, Shen X, et al. Storm-time features of the ionospheric ELF/VLF waves and energetic electron fluxes revealed by the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite. Appl Sci, 2021, 11: 2617
Zhao S, Zhou C, Shen X, et al. Investigation of VLF transmitter signals in the ionosphere by ZH-1 observations and full-wave simulation. J Geophys Res Space Phys, 2019, 124: 4697–4709
Parrot M, Benoist D, Berthelier J J, et al. The magnetic field experiment IMSC and its data processing onboard DEMETER: Scientific objectives, description and first results. Planet Space Sci, 2006, 54: 441–455
Gustafsson G, Boström R, Holback B, et al. The electric field and wave experiment for the cluster mission. Space Sci Rev, 1997, 79: 137–156
Kletzing C A, Kurth W S, Acuna M, et al. The electric and magnetic field instrument suite and integrated science (EMFISIS) on RBSP. Space Sci Rev, 2013, 179: 127–181
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41874174 and 41574139), the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFC1503501), the APSCO Earthquake Research Project Phase II and ISSI-BJ project, and Southern Yunnan Observatory for Cross-block Dynamic Process, Yuxi Yunnan, China. We acknowledge the CSES Scientific Mission Center for providing data (The English version of http://www.leos.ac.cn/).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhima, Z., Zhou, B., Zhao, S. et al. Cross-calibration on the electromagnetic field detection payloads of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite. Sci. China Technol. Sci. 65, 1415–1426 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-021-1965-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-021-1965-2