Retraction Note: Optical and Quantum Electronics (2023) 56:191

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-05803-8

This article is being retracted with agreement from both the Publisher and the Editors-in-Chief. An investigation undertaken by the Publisher suggests a number of issues and concerning patterns across the articles involved, including but not limited to manipulation of the peer review process, irrelevant references or referencing patterns, use of nonstandard text or out of scope text and attempts to meaningfully compromise the publishing process. The findings of this investigation have resulted in a loss of confidence in the findings and presented conclusions of this research.

The authors have not responded to correspondence regarding this retraction.