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Urban–rural interface dominates the effects of urbanization on watershed energy and water balances in Southern China

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Abstract

Context

Quantifying the interactions between land disturbances and energy and water balances, particularly evapotranspiration (ET), is helpful for understanding the land-atmospheric interactions and assessing the effects of urbanization on local climate and hydrological processes at a landscape scale.

Objectives

To investigate the mechanisms of ecohydrological response to urbanization from the perspectives of ET or energy balances in a distributed fashion at the watershed scale. To identify spatial ‘hot spots’, in which ET, and thus watershed hydrology, are most pronounced in response to land use change so that limited watershed landscape management resources can be applied efficiently.

Methods

This process-based research quantified spatial patterns of ET and other energy fluxes in a rapidly urbanizing rice paddy-dominated watershed, Qinhuai River Basin (QRB), using a spatially explicit land surface energy balance model (SEBAL).

Results

The QRB experienced a rapid land use change in urban–rural interface (URI) area, resulting in a significant reduction in actual ET (− 9.4 mm yr−1) but a significant increase in sensible heat (3.71 W m−2 yr−1) and soil heat fluxes (0.85 W m−2 yr−1) during the growing season from 2001 to 2019. The change in energy partitioning at the watershed scale was dominated by URI area identified as the ‘hot spots’ of ecohydrological change within a heterogeneous basin.

Conclusions

Knowledge gained from this study improves parameterizing distributed watershed ecohydrological models (e.g., ET processes) to guide urban planning. Effective watershed landscape management and planning that aims at mitigating the negative impacts of urbanization should focus on URI by preserving vegetation and local wetlands (e.g., rice paddies).

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Data availability

The data generated and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge China Meteorological Data Service Center (http://data.cma.cn/en) for providing weather observation data, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China for Chinese map (http://bzdt.ch.mnr.gov.cn/index.html), USGS Earth Explorer site (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/) for Landsat imageries and Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/data_access/data_pool) for MODIS product datasets, and USGS FEWS NET SSEBop Actual Evapotranspiration Products (Version 5.0) (https://earlywarning.usgs.gov/fews/product/458).

Funding

LH is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 42061144004, 41977409, and 41877151) and National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant 2019YFC1510202). GS is supported by the Southern Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Collaborative Innovation Center On Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)/Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink, China Meterological Administration (ECSS-CMA), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China

    Kailun Jin, Mengsheng Qin, Run Tang, Xiaolin Huang & Lu Hao

  2. Yangzhou Meteorology Bureau, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China

    Mengsheng Qin

  3. Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA

    Ge Sun

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  1. Kailun Jin
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Contributions

GS and LH conceived the ideas, led manuscript conceptualization and designed the methodology. KJ and MQ led data collection, analysis, and interpretation. RT and XH assisted with data collection and created figures. The first draft of the manuscript was written by KJ, MQ and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors gave final approval for publication.

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Correspondence to Lu Hao.

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Jin, K., Qin, M., Tang, R. et al. Urban–rural interface dominates the effects of urbanization on watershed energy and water balances in Southern China. Landsc Ecol 38, 3869–3887 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-023-01648-4

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