Abstract
The hydrothermal approach was used to build ultrathin Co9S8 nanosheets into a core–shell hollow framework called Co9S8@RGO, which was aided by carbon. In addition, the porous RGO matrix efficiently enhances the movement of electrons and ions. The Co9S8 nanosheets inserted into the RGO architecture significantly minimize the clustering of RGO nanosheets while offering several locations for pseudocapacitance responses at the same time. The Co9S8@RGO nanocomposites exhibited an exceptionally high specific capacitance of 3255 Fg−1 within a potential range of 0.5 V at a current density of 1 Ag−1. In addition, a type of supercapacitor called an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) was created using Co9S8@RGO as the positive electrode and activated carbon (AC) as the negative electrode. This ASC demonstrated a density of 88.8 Whkg−1 at a power density of 635 Wkg−1. Furthermore, it maintained an energy density of 67.5 Whkg−1 at a power density of 1565 Wkg−1. Additionally, it exhibited excellent cycle stability, with 80.61% specific capacity preservation at a current density of 10 Ag−1 after 10,000 periods. The Co9S8@RGO composite has a straightforward and inexpensive production process, as well as exceptional performance, which makes it an optimal electrode material for electrochemical devices that store energy.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.
References
J.M. Tarascon, M. Armand, Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries. Nature 414, 359–367 (2001)
G.Q. Zhang, X.W. Lou, General solution growth of mesoporous NiCo2O4 nanosheets on various conductive substrates as high-performance electrodes for supercapacitors. Adv. Mater. 25, 976–979 (2013)
J.P. Wang, S.L. Wang, Z.C. Huang, Y.M. Yu, High-performance NiCo2O4@Ni3S2 core/shell mesoporous nanothorn arrays on Ni foam for supercapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. A 2, 17595–17601 (2014)
V. Augustyn, P. Simon, B. Dunn, Pseudocapacitive oxide materials for high-rate electrochemical energy storage. Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 1597–1614 (2014)
P. Simon, Y. Gogotsi, Materials for electrochemical capacitors. Nat. Mater. 7, 845–854 (2008)
M. Winter, R.J. Brodd, What are batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors? Chem. Rev. 104, 4245–4269 (2004)
S. Abouali, M.A. Garakani, Z.L. Xu, J.K. Kim, NiCo2O4/CNT nanocomposites as bi-functional electrodes for Li ion batteries and supercapacitors. Carbon 102, 262–272 (2016)
H.B. Li, M.H. Yu, F.X. Wang, P. Liu, Y. Liang, J. Xiao, C.X. Wang, Y.X. Tong, G.W. Yang, Amorphous nickel hydroxide nanospheres with ultrahigh capacitance and energy density as electrochemical pseudocapacitor materials. Nat. Commun. (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2932
J.R. Miller, P. Simon, Materials science—electrochemical capacitors for energy management. Science 321, 651–652 (2008)
L.B. Dong, C.J. Xu, Y. Li, Z.H. Huang, F.Y. Kang, Q.H. Yang, X. Zhao, Flexible electrodes and supercapacitors for wearable energy storage: a review by category. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 4659–4685 (2016)
I.W.P. Chen, Y.S. Chen, N.J. Kao, C.W. Wu, Y.W. Zhang, H.T. Li, Scalable and high-yield production of exfoliated graphene sheets in water and its application to an all-solid-state supercapacitor. Carbon 90, 16–24 (2015)
G.X. Gao, H.B. Wu, S.J. Ding, L.M. Liu, X.W. Lou, Hierarchical NiCo2O4 nanosheets grown on Ni nanofoam as high-performance electrodes for supercapacitors. Small 11, 804–808 (2015)
F.X. Wang, S.Y. Xiao, Y.Y. Hou et al., Electrode materials for aqueous asymmetric supercapacitors. RSC Adv. 3, 13059–13084 (2013)
B.E. Conway, W.G. Pell, Double-layer and pseudocapacitance types of electrochemical capacitors and their applications to the development of hybrid devices. J. Solid State Electrochem. 7, 637–644 (2003)
F.X. Wang, X.W. Wu, X.H. Yuan et al., Latest advances in supercapacitors: from new electrode materials to novel device designs. Chem. Soc. Rev. 46, 6816–6854 (2017)
X.Y. Yu, L. Yu, X.W.D. Lou, Metal sulfide hollow nanostructures for electrochemical energy storage. Adv. Energy Mater. 6, 1501333 (2016)
M. Xu, L. Kong, W. Zhou et al., Hydrothermal synthesis and pseudocapacitance properties of α-MnO2 hollow spheres and hollow urchins. J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 19141–19147 (2007)
X. Lu, M. Yu, G. Wang et al., All-fabric flexible supercapacitor for energy storage. Adv. Mater. 25, 267–272 (2013)
M. Acerce, D. Voiry, M. Chhowalla, Metallic 1T phase MoS2 nanosheets as supercapacitor electrode materials. Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 313–318 (2015)
B. Wang, J. Park, D.W. Su, C.Y. Wang, H. Ahn, G.X. Wang, Solvothermal synthesis of CoS2–graphene nanocomposite material for high-performance supercapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. 22, 15750–15756 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/C2JM31214J
X.L. Mao, J.H. Xu, H. Xin, W.Y. Yang, Y.J. Yang, X. Lu, Y.T. Zhao, Y.J. Zhou, All-solid-state flexible microsupercapacitors based on reduced graphene oxide/multi-walled carbon nanotube composite electrodes. Appl. Surf. Sci. 435, 1228–1236 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.11.248
X.L. Mao, X. He, J.H. Xu, W.Y. Yang, H. Liu, Y.J. Yang, Y.J. Zhou, Three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) composite open network architectures for microsupercapacitors. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 14, 267 (2019)
X.L. Mao, W.Y. Yang, H. Xin, C. Yan, Y.T. Zhao, Y.J. Zhou, Y.J. Yang, J.H. Xu, The preparation and characteristic of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite and its application for supercapacitor electrode. Mat. Sci. Eng. B-Adv 216, 16–22 (2017)
X. Zhang, S.W. Liu, Y.P. Zang, R.R. Liu, G.Q. Liu, G.Z. Wang, Y.X. Zhang, H.M. Zhang, H.J. Zhao, Co/Co9S8@S, N-doped porous graphene sheets derived from S, N dual organic ligands assembled Co-MOFs as superior electrocatalysts for full water splitting in alkaline media. Nano Energy 30, 93–102 (2016)
S.X. Sun, J.H. Luo, Y. Qian, Y. Jin, Y. Liu, Y.G. Qiu, X. Li, C. Fang, J.T. Han, Y.H. Huang, Metal-organic framework derived honeycomb Co9S8@C composites for high-performance supercapacitors. Adv. Energy Mater. 8, 1801080 (2018)
R.R. Salunkhe, J. Tang, Y. Kamachi, T. Nakato, J.H. Kim, Y. Yamauchi, Asymmetric supercapacitors using 3D nanoporous carbon and cobalt oxide electrodes synthesized from a single metal–organic framework. ACS Nano 9, 6288–6296 (2015)
J. Yang, C. Yu, X.M. Fan, S.X. Liang, S.F. Li, H.W. Huang, Z. Ling, C. Hao, J.S. Qiu, Electroactive edge site-enriched nickel-cobalt sulfide into graphene frameworks for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors. Energy Environ. Sci. 9, 1299–1307 (2016)
S. Salgado, L. Pu, V. Maheshwari, Targeting chemical morphology of graphene oxide for self-assembly and subsequent templating of nanoparticles: a composite approaching capacitance limits in graphene. J. Phys. Chem. C 116, 12124–12130 (2012)
M. Yang, Y.R. Zhong, J.J. Ren, X.L. Zhou, J.P. Wei, Z. Zhou, Fabrication of high-power Li-ion hybrid supercapacitors by enhancing the exterior surface charge storage. Adv. Energy Mater. 5, 1500550 (2015)
F.F. Liu, Y.C. Liu, X.D. Zhao, X.B. Liu, L.Z. Fan, Pursuit of a high-capacity and long-life Mg-storage cathode by tailoring sandwich-structured MXene@carbon nanosphere composites. J. Mater. Chem. A 7, 1–8 (2019)
A. Thissen, D. Ensling, W. Jaegermann, R. Alcántara, A. Pedro Lavela, J.L. Tirado, Photoelectron Spectroscopic Study of the Reaction of Li and Na with NiCo2O4. Chem. Mater. 17, 5202–5208 (2005)
J. Pu, Z. Wang, K. Wu, N. Yu, E. Sheng, Co9S8 nanotube arrays supported on nickel foam for high-performance supercapacitors. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, 785–791 (2014)
G. Morgese, P. Dolcet, A. Feis, C. Gellini, S. Gialanella, A. Speghini, D. Badocco, P. Pastore, M. Casarin, S. Gross, Room-Temperature crystallization of CuS nanostructures for photothermal applications through a nanoreactor approach. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2017, 2745–2754 (2017)
Y. Wang, Z.X. Chen, T. Lei, Y.F. Ai, Z.K. Peng, X.Y. Yan, H. Li, J. Zhang, Z.M. Wang, Y. Chueh, Hollow NiCo2S4 nanospheres hybridized with 3D hierarchical porous rGO/Fe2O3 composites toward high-performance energy storage device. Adv. Energy Mater. 8, 1703453 (2018)
Y. Liu, X. Teng, Y. Mi, Z. Chen, A new architecture design of Ni–Co LDH-based pseudocapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. A 5, 24407–24415 (2017)
M. Shao, F. Ning, Y. Zhao, J. Zhao, M. Wei, D.G. Evans, X. Duan, Core–shell layered double hydroxide microspheres with tunable interior architecture for supercapacitors. Chem. Mater. 24, 1192–1197 (2012)
Z. Huang, S. Wang, J. Wang, Y. Yu, J. Wen, R. Li, Exfoliation-restacking synthesis of coal-layered double hydroxide nanosheets/reduced graphene oxide composite for high performance supercapacitors. Electrochim. Acta 152, 117–125 (2015)
J.P. Cheng, J.H. Fang, M. Li, W.F. Zhang, F. Liu, X.B. Zhang, Enhanced electrochemical performance of CoAl-layered double hydroxide nanosheet arrays coated by platinum films. Electrochim. Acta 114, 68–75 (2013)
M. Li, J.P. Cheng, J. Wang, F. Liu, X.B. Zhang, The growth of nickel-manganese and cobalt-manganese layered double hydroxides on reduced graphene oxide for supercapacitor. Electrochim. Acta 206, 108–115 (2016)
L. Zhang, K.N. Hui, K.S. Hui, H. Lee, Facile synthesis of porous CoAl-layered double hydroxide/graphene composite with enhanced capacitive performance for supercapacitors. Electrochim. Acta 186, 522–529 (2015)
B. Wang, Q. Liu, Z. Qian, X. Zhang, J. Wang, Z. Li, H. Yan, Z. Gao, F. Zhao, L. Liu, Two steps in situ structure fabrication of Ni–Al layered double hydroxide on Ni foam and its electrochemical performance for supercapacitors. J. Power. Sources 246, 747–753 (2014)
X. Li, Z. Yang, W. Qi, Y. Li, Y. Wu, S. Zhou, S. Huang, J. Wei, H. Li, P. Yao, Binder-free Co3O4@NiCoAl-layered double hydroxide core-shell hybrid architectural nanowire arrays with enhanced electrochemical performance. Appl. Surf. Sci. 363, 381–388 (2016)
Funding
The authors have not disclosed any funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
D. Venkatesan and T. Annamalai contributed to study conceptualization and writing (original draft) the manuscript. S. Ramkumar, D. Kanagajothi, and P. Siva Karthik contributed to data curation, formal analysis, and writing (review & editing).
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the research work reported in this manuscript.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Venkatesan, D., Annamalai, T., Ramkumar, S. et al. Carbon-supported Co9S8 hollow spheres assembled from ultrathin nanosheets for high-performance supercapacitors. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 35, 1051 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-024-12832-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-024-12832-w