Abstract
AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel is popular in modern industry, while conventional welding methods with filler metals produce welded joints with tensile strength (586 MPa) and elongation (7.35%), which is insufficient to meet the growing engineering requirements. In this work, the elongation of the joint is doubled (15.11%) while yield strength remains unchanged after post-weld heat treatment (PWHT). Microstructural analysis of heat affected zone (HAZ) reveals the transformation process between equiaxed ferrite, intergranular martensite, and intragranular acicular martensite in the welded joint at 750 °C and 800 °C. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate the impact of various types of martensite on single crystals of ferritic stainless steel under tension. The results indicate that intergranular martensite and acicular martensite demonstrate transgranular fracture, while granular martensite exhibits intragranular fracture. Intergranular martensite and granular martensite are distributed near high-strain regions within the crystal, whereas acicular martensite is concentrated at the grain boundaries, away from the high-strain regions. The comparison of hardening parameters for different types of martensite reveals that granular martensite (58.98) has higher ductility than acicular martensite (97.40) and intergranular martensite (111.54). These findings are valuable for developing advanced stainless steel welded joints that balance high ductility and strength, meeting modern engineering demands.
摘要
AISI 430铁素体不锈钢在现代工业中应用广泛, 而传统的填充金属焊接方法得到的焊接接头具有抗拉强度(586 MPa)和延伸率 (7.35%), 不足以满足日益增长的工程需求. 在这项工作中, 经过焊后热处理(PWHT)后, 接头的延伸率提高了一倍(15.11%), 而屈服强度 保持不变. 热影响区(HAZ)的微观组织分析揭示了焊接接头在750 °C和800 °C下等轴铁素体、晶间马氏体和晶内针状马氏体之间的转 变过程. 此外, 分子动力学模拟证明了不同类型马氏体在拉伸作用下对铁素体不锈钢单晶的影响. 结果表明, 晶间马氏体和针状马氏体 表现为穿晶断裂, 而粒状马氏体表现为沿晶断裂. 晶间马氏体和粒状马氏体分布在晶体内部高应变区附近, 而针状马氏体则集中分布 在晶界处, 远离高应变区. 不同类型马氏体硬化参数的比较表明, 粒状马氏体(58.98)比针状马氏体(97.40)和晶间马氏体(111.54)具有更 高的塑性. 这些发现对于开发兼顾高延性和高强度的先进不锈钢焊接接头, 满足现代工程需求具有重要价值.
Article PDF
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
J. Cui, Z. Yao, F. Cheng, Y. Cui, G. Wang, L. Wang, H. Sun, S. Li, Z. Wen, and J. Sun, Corrosion resistance of a tungsten modified AISI 430 stainless steel bipolar plate for proton exchange membrane fuel cells, RSC Adv. 6, 31367 (2016).
J. S. Peltz, L. M. Antonini, S. R. Kunst, G. A. Ludwig, L. T. Fuhr, and C. F. Malfatti, Effect of application of the shot peening process in the corrosion resistance of the AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel, Mater. Sci. Forum 775-776, 365 (2014).
S. K. Yen, and Y. C. Tsai, Determination of the critical temperature for forming a chromium-rich oxide on AISI 430 stainless steel and its corrosion resistance, J. Electrochem. Soc. 143, 2493 (1996).
U. Zerbst, R. A. Ainsworth, H. T. Beier, H. Pisarski, Z. L. Zhang, K. Nikbin, T. Nitschke-Pagel, S. Münstermann, P. Kucharczyk, and D. Klingbeil, Review on fracture and crack propagation in weldments—A fracture mechanics perspective, Eng. Fract. Mech. 132, 200 (2014).
C. Köse, Heat treatment and heat input effects on the dissimilar laser beam welded AISI 904L super austenitic stainless steel to AISI 317L austenitic stainless steel: Surface, texture, microstructure and mechanical properties, Vacuum 205, 111440 (2022).
W. Jia, H. Zhao, Y. Zan, P. Guo, and X. Mao, Effect of heat treatment and laser shock peening on the microstructures and properties of electron beam welded Ti-6.5Al-1Mo-1V-2Zr joints, Vacuum 155, 496 (2018).
B. Singh, and S. Zafar, Influence of post clad heat treatment on microstructure and slurry erosion characteristics of Ni-based microwave clad, Vacuum 184, 109946 (2021).
H. Cai, L. Xu, L. Zhao, and Y. Han, Application of post-weld treatment (PWHT) in improving properties of martensitic heat-resistant steel thick plate by cold metal transfer plus pulse (CMT + P) welding, J. Mater. Sci. 57, 21552 (2022).
J. Dong, D. Zhang, W. Zhang, G. Cao, and C. Qiu, Effect of post-weld heat treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of underwater friction stir welded joints of 7003-T4/6060-T4 aluminium alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng.-A 862, 144423 (2023).
M. Wang, F. Wang, J. Zhang, H. Wang, Y. Wang, and H. Wu, Effects of h-BN additives on tensile mechanical behavior of Fe matrix: A molecular dynamics study, Comput. Mater. Sci. 223, 112136 (2023).
W. Xia, L. Li, Y. Wei, A. Zhao, Y. Guo, C. Huang, H. Yin, and L. Zhang, Impact toughness of a gradient hardened layer of Cr5Mo1V steel treated by laser shock peening, Acta Mech. Sin. 32, 301 (2016).
Z. L. Liu, Z. Zhuang, X. M. Liu, X. C. Zhao, and Y. Gao, Bauschinger and size effects in thin-film plasticity due to defect-energy of geometrical necessary dislocations, Acta Mech. Sin. 27, 266 (2011).
B. N. Legarth, Necking of anisotropic micro-films with strain-gradient effects, Acta Mech. Sin. 24, 557 (2008).
Z. Duan, X. F. Ma, H. J. Shi, R. Murai, and E. Yanagisawa, Gigacycle fatigue behaviors of two SNCM439 steels with different tensile strengths, Acta Mech. Sin. 27, 778 (2011).
J. Sun, H. Tang, C. Wang, Z. Han, and S. Li, Effects of alloying elements and microstructure on stainless steel corrosion: A review, Steel Res. Int. 93, 2100450 (2022).
M. H. Ku, G. J. Shu, Y. J. Tsai, Y. K. Huang, S. X. Chi, Y. C. Wen, and M. W. Wu, The effects of microstructures on the mechanical performances and fracture mechanisms of boron-alloyed ferritic and martensitic stainless steels fabricated by powder metallurgy, Mater. Sci. Eng.-A 866, 144680 (2023).
Y. Han, Z. H. Liu, C. B. Wu, Y. Zhao, G. Q. Zu, W. W. Zhu, and X. Ran, A short review on the role of alloying elements in duplex stainless steels, Tungsten 5, 419 (2023).
H. Zhang, S. Hu, J. Shen, L. Ma, and F. Yin, Microstructures and mechanical properties of 30Cr-4Mo ferritic stainless steel joints produced by double-pulsed gas metal arc welding, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 80, 1975 (2015).
M. A. Khattak, S. Zaman, M. N. Tamin, S. Badshah, S. Mushtaq, and A. A. B. Omran, Effect of welding phenomenon on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ferritic stainless steel—A review, J. Adv. Res. Mater. Sci. 32, 13 (2017).
Y. Geng, M. Akbari, A. Karimipour, A. Karimi, A. Soleimani, and M. Afrand, Effects of the laser parameters on the mechanical properties and microstructure of weld joint in dissimilar pulsed laser welding of AISI 304 and AISI 420, Infrared Phys. Tech. 103, 103081 (2019).
L. M. Shen, Combined grain size, strain rate and loading condition effects on mechanical behavior of nanocrystalline Cu under high strain rates, Acta Mech. Sin. 28, 1125 (2012).
X. Yang, H. Zhao, X. Gao, G. Lei, and Z. Chen, Molecular dynamics study on micro jet in single crystal aluminum, Acta Mech. Sin. 39, 122232 (2023).
V. V. Pogorelko, and A. E. Mayer, Dynamic tensile fracture of iron: Molecular dynamics simulations and micromechanical model based on dislocation plasticity, Int. J. Plast. 167, 103678 (2023).
H. Ghaffarian, A. K. Taheri, K. Kang, and S. Ryu, Molecular dynamics simulation study on the effect of the loading direction on the deformation mechanism of pearlite, Multiscale Sci. Eng. 1, 47 (2019).
Y. Cui, K. Song, Y. Bao, Y. Zhu, Q. Liu, and P. Qian, Effect of Cu and Mg co-segregation on the strength of the Al grain boundaries: A molecular dynamics simulation, Comput. Mater. Sci. 229, 112391 (2023).
S. Plimpton, Fast parallel algorithms for short-range molecular dynamics, J. Comput. Phys. 117, 1 (1995).
S. M. Eich, D. Beinke, and G. Schmitz, Embedded-atom potential for an accurate thermodynamic description of the iron-chromium system, Comput. Mater. Sci. 104, 185 (2015).
M. Akhlaghi, T. Steiner, S. R. Meka, A. Leineweber, and E. J. Mittemeijer, Lattice-parameter change induced by accommodation of precipitate/matrix misfit; misfitting nitrides in ferrite, Acta Mater. 98, 254 (2015).
N. N. Rammo, and O. G. Abdulah, A model for the prediction of lattice parameters of iron-carbon austenite and martensite, J. Alloys Compd. 420, 117 (2006).
D. J. Evans, and B. L. Holian, The Nose-Hoover thermostat, J. Chem. Phys. 83, 4069 (1985).
J. L. Shao, W. He, T. Xi, and J. Xin, Microscopic insight into the structural transition of single crystal iron under the ramp wave loading, Comput. Mater. Sci. 182, 109772 (2020).
K. Wang, J. Chen, W. Zhu, W. Hu, and M. Xiang, Phase transition of iron-based single crystals under ramp compressions with extreme strain rates, Int. J. Plast. 96, 56 (2017).
S. Rawat, and P. M. Raole, Molecular dynamics investigation of void evolution dynamics in single crystal iron at extreme strain rates, Comput. Mater. Sci. 154, 393 (2018).
N. Y. Lopanitsyna, and A. Y. Kuksin, Nucleation and the spall strength of liquid metals, J. Phys.-Conf. Ser. 774, 012030 (2016).
A. Stukowski, Visualization and analysis of atomistic simulation data with OVITO—the open visualization tool, Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 18, 015012 (2009).
D. Faken, and H. Jónsson, Systematic analysis of local atomic structure combined with 3D computer graphics, Comput. Mater. Sci. 2, 279 (1994).
N. Saeidi, F. Ashrafizadeh, B. Niroumand, M. R. Forouzan, and F. Barlat, Damage mechanism and modeling of void nucleation process in a ferrite-martensite dual phase steel, Eng. Fract. Mech. 127, 97 (2014).
H. Zhang, B. Wei, X. Ou, S. Ni, X. Liao, and M. Song, Enhancing \(\{10\bar{1}2\}\) twin boundary migration capability in Ti-Al solid solution alloys with increasing Al content, J. Mater. Sci. Tech. 147, 217 (2023).
D. Mukherjee, A. Forslund, L. Höglund, A. Ruban, H. Larsson, and J. Odqvist, Towards predictive simulations of spinodal decomposition in Fe-Cr alloys, Comput. Mater. Sci. 202, 110955 (2022).
M. M. Asif, K. A. Shrikrishna, and P. Sathiya, Effects of post weld heat treatment on friction welded duplex stainless steel joints, J. Manuf. Process. 21, 196 (2016).
B. Pricop, E. Mihalache, G. Stoian, F. Borza, B. Özkal, and L. G. Bujoreanu, Thermo-mechanical effects caused by martensite formation in powder metallurgy FeMnSiCrNi shape memory alloys, Powder Metallurgy 61, 348 (2018).
C. Ji, X. Cai, Z. Zhou, F. Dong, S. Liu, and B. Gao, Effects of intermetallic compound layer thickness on the mechanical properties of silicon-copper interface, Mater. Des. 212, 110251 (2021).
X. Zhou, W. Bu, S. Song, F. Sansoz, and X. Huang, Multiscale modeling of interfacial mechanical behaviours of SiC/Mg nanocomposites, Mater. Des. 182, 108093 (2019).
D. Y. Sun, M. I. Mendelev, C. A. Becker, K. Kudin, T. Haxhimali, M. Asta, J. J. Hoyt, A. Karma, and D. J. Srolovitz, Crystal-melt interfacial free energies in hcp metals: A molecular dynamics study of Mg, Phys. Rev. B 73, 024116 (2006).
A. Stukowski, and K. Albe, Dislocation detection algorithm for atomistic simulations, Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 18, 025016 (2010).
T. Suzuki, S. Takeuchi, and H. Yoshinaga, Dislocation Dynamics and Plasticity (Springer Science & Business Media, New York, 2013).
P. Franciosi, The concepts of latent hardening and strain hardening in metallic single crystals, Acta Metall. 33, 1601 (1985).
D. D. Awale, V. D. Vijayanand, A. R. Ballal, M. M. Thawre, and G. V. Prasad Reddy, Study of microstructural transition in dissimilar weld joint from as-welded to PWHT condition using electron backscattered imaging, Mater. Lett. 285, 129080 (2021).
W. Woo, V. T. Em, E. Y. Kim, S. H. Han, Y. S. Han, and S. H. Choi, Stress-strain relationship between ferrite and martensite in a dualphase steel studied by in situ neutron diffraction and crystal plasticity theories, Acta Mater. 60, 6972 (2012).
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 52075360, 52275360, and 51805359).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Author contributions Gongbo Bian: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Writing–original draft, Visualization. Feng Liu: Investigation, Funding acquisition, Supervision. Tingting Zhang: Writing–review & editing. Mengting Ran: Writing–review & editing. Xiaoyan Xue: Investigation, Conceptualization. Dinglu Wu: Writing–review & editing. Wenxian Wang: Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bian, G., Liu, F., Zhang, T. et al. Elongation enhancement strategies for AISI 430 stainless steel welded joints: insights from molecular dynamics analysis. Acta Mech. Sin. 41, 424019 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10409-024-24019-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10409-024-24019-x