Zusammenfassung
Der Ernährung wird neben anderen Faktoren wie Hormon- und Entzündungsstatus, Erkrankungen und körperlicher Inaktivität bei der Entstehung von Sarkopenie eine zentrale Rolle zugesprochen. Zusammenhänge zwischen verschiedenen Ernährungsfaktoren und Muskelmasse, Kraft und körperlicher Leistungsfähigkeit wurden in den letzten Jahren in einer wachsenden Zahl von Studien beschrieben. Demnach ist die Vermeidung von Gewichtsverlust und der damit einhergehenden Abnahme der Muskelmasse von zentraler Bedeutung. Adäquate Mengen an hochwertigem Protein sind zur optimalen Stimulation der Muskelproteinsynthese essentiell. Vitamin D, Antioxidantien und ω3-Fettsäuren können möglicherweise ebenfalls dazu beizutragen, den Verlust von Muskelmasse und -funktion zu minimieren. Darüber hinaus sollten Ernährungsprobleme wie Appetitverlust, geringe Essmenge, einseitige Ernährungsgewohnheiten und Gewichtsverlust möglichst frühzeitig erkannt werden. Zugrunde liegende Ursachen müssen identifiziert und rasch beseitigt werden. Schließlich muss die Bedeutung von körperlicher Aktivität, speziell Krafttraining, betont werden – nicht nur um den Muskelaufbau zu erleichtern, sondern auch um Energieverbrauch, Appetit und Nahrungsaufnahme bei älteren Menschen mit Risiko für Mangelernährung zu steigern.
Summary
Nutrition is regarded as one important contributing factors in the complex etiology of sarcopenia. Associations between several nutritional factors and muscle mass, strength, function and physical performance were reported in a growing number of studies in recent years. Accordingly, the avoidance of weight loss is crucial to prevent the concomitant loss of muscle mass. Adequate amounts of high-quality protein are important for optimal stimulation of muscle protein synthesis. Vitamin D, antioxidants and ω 3-polyunsaturated fatty acids may also contribute to the preservation of muscle function. In order to ensure adequate intake in all elderly, nutritional problems like loss of appetite and weight loss should be recognized early by routine screening for malnutrition in the elderly. Underlying causes need to be identified and subsequently corrected. The importance of physical activity, specifically resistance training, is emphasized, not only in order to facilitate muscle protein anabolism but also to increase energy expenditure, appetite and food intake in elderly people at risk of malnutrition.
Article PDF
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing, 39: 412–423, 2010
Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol, 56: M146–156, 2001
Abellan van Kan G. Epidemiology and consequences of sarcopenia. J Nutr Health Aging, 13: 708–712, 2009
Clark BC, Manini TM. Functional consequences of sarcopenia and dynapenia in the elderly. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 13: 271–276, 2010
Rolland Y, Czerwinski S, Abellan Van Kan G, et al. Sarcopenia: its assessment, etiology, pathogenesis, consequences and future perspectives. J Nutr Health Aging, 12: 433–450, 2008
Boirie Y. Physiopathological mechanism of sarcopenia. J Nutr Health Aging, 13: 717–723, 2009
Bartali B, Frongillo EA, Bandinelli S, et al. Low nutrient intake is an essential component of frailty in older persons. J Gerontol, 61A: 589–593, 2006
Bartali B, Salvini S, Turrini A, et al. Age and disability affect dietary intake. J Nutr, 133: 2868–2873, 2003
Hébuterne X, Bermon S, Schneider SM. Ageing and muscle: the effects of malnutrition, re-nutrition, and physical exercise. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 4: 295–300, 2001
Newman AB, Lee JS, Visser M, et al. Weight change and the conservation of lean mass in old age: the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Am J Clin Nutr, 82: 872–878, 2005
Morley JE. Decreased food intake with aging. J Gerontol, 56(Spec No 2): 81–88, 2001
Morley JE. Anorexia, sarcopenia, and aging. Nutrition, 17: 660–663, 2001
Tully CL, Snowdon DA. Weight change and physical function in older women: Findings from the Nun Study. J Am Geriatr Soc, 43: 1394–1397, 1995
Kaiser R, Winning K, Uter W, et al. Functionality and mortality in obese nursing home residents: an example of 'risk factor paradox'? J Am Med Dir Assoc, 11: 428–435, 2010
Blaum CS, Xue QL, Tian J, et al. Is hyperglycemia associated with frailty status in older women? J Am Geriatr Soc, 57: 840–847, 2009
Baumgartner RN, Wayne SJ, Waters DL, et al. Sarcopenic obesity predicts instrumental activities of daily living disability in the elderly. Obes Res, 12: 1995–2004, 2004
Rolland Y, Lauwers-Cances V, Cristini C, et al. Difficulties with physical function associated with obesity, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic-obesity in community-dwelling elderly women: the EPIDOS (EPIDemiologie de l'OSteoporose) Study. Am J Clin Nutr, 89: 1895–1900, 2009
Castaneda C, Charnley JM, Evans WJ, et al. Elderly women accommodate to a low-protein diet with losses of body cell mass, muscle function, and immune response. Am J Clin Nutr, 62: 30–39, 1995
Houston DK, Nicklas BJ, Ding J, et al. Dietary protein intake is associated with lean mass change in older, community-dwelling adults: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. Am J Clin Nutr, 87: 150–155, 2008
Lord C, Chaput JP, Aubertin-Leheudre M, et al. Dietary animal protein intake: association with muscle mass index in older women. J Nutr Health Aging, 11: 383–387, 2007
Pannemans DLE, Wagenmakers AM, Westerterp KR, et al. Effect of protein source and quantity on protein metabolism in elderly women. Am J Clin Nutr, 68: 1228–1235, 1998
Paddon-Jones D, Rasmussen BB. Dietary protein recommendations and the prevention of sarcopenia. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 12: 86–90, 2009
Arnal MA, Mosoni L, Boirie Y, et al. Protein pulse feeding improves protein retention in elderly women. Am J Clin Nutr, 69: 1202–1208, 1999
Walrand S, Short KR, Bigelow ML, et al. Functional impact of high protein intake on healthy elderly people. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 295: E921–E928, 2008
Campbell WW. Synergistic use of higher-protein diets or nutritional supplements with resistance training to counter sarcopenia. Nutr Rev, 65: 416–422, 2007
Borsheim E, Bui QU, Tissier S, et al. Effect of amino acid supplementation on muscle mass, strength and physical function in elderly. Clin Nutr, 27: 189–195, 2008
Ferrando AA, Paddon-Jones D, Hays NP, et al. EAA supplementation to increase nitrogen intake improves muscle function during bed rest in the elderly. Clin Nutr, 29: 18–23, 2010
Scognamiglio R, Piccolotto R, Negut C, et al. Oral amino acids in elderly subjects: effect on myocardial function and walking capacity. Gerontology, 51: 302–308, 2005
Annweiler C, Schott AM, Berrut G, et al. Vitamin D-related changes in physical performance: a systematic review. J Nutr Health Aging, 13: 893–898, 2009
Ceglia L. Vitamin D and its role in skeletal muscle. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 12: 628–633, 2009
Dawson-Hughes B. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and functional outcomes in the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr, 88: 537S–540S, 2008
Janssen HC, Samson MM, Verhaar HJ. Vitamin D deficiency, muscle function, and falls in elderly people. Am J Clin Nutr, 75: 611–615, 2002
Wicherts IS, van Schoor NM, Boeke AJ, et al. Vitamin D status predicts physical performance and its decline in older persons. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 92: 2058–2065, 2007
Hamid Z, Riggs A, Spencer T, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in residents of academic long-term care facilities despite having been prescribed vitamin D. J Am Med Dir Assoc, 8: 71–75, 2007
Kaiser R, Winning K, Volkert D, et al. Nährstoffstatus von Pflegeheimbewohnern – Ergebnisse einer Longitudinalstudie. Aktuel Ernahrungsmed, 35: 153–154, 2010
Max-Rubner-Institut – Bundesforschungsinstitut für Ernährung und Lebensmittel (Hrsg). Nationale Verzehrsstudie II, Ergebnisbericht Teil 2. Karlsruhe 2008
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (DGE), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Ernährung (ÖGE), Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Ernährungsforschung (SGE), et al. (Hrsg). Referenzwerte für die Nährstoffzufuhr. Frankfurt am Main, Umschau Braus GmbH, 2000
Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Staehelin HB, et al. Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ, 339: b3692, 2009
Meng SJ, Yu LJ. Oxidative stress, molecular inflammation and sarcopenia. Int J Mol Sci, 11: 1509–1526, 2010
Howard C, Ferrucci L, Sun K, et al. Oxidative protein damage is associated with poor grip strength among older women living in the community. J Appl Physiol, 103: 17–20, 2007
Semba RD, Ferrucci L, Sun K, et al. Oxidative stress and severe walking disability among older women. Am J Med, 120: 1084–1089, 2007
Schaap LA, Pluijm SM, Deeg DJ, Visser M. Inflammatory markers and loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia) and strength. Am J Med, 119: 526.e9–526.e17, 2006
Cesari M, Pahor M, Bartali B, et al. Antioxidants and physical performance in elderly persons: the Invecchiare in Chianti (InCHIANTI) study. Am J Clin Nutr, 79: 289–294, 2004
Beck J, Ferrucci L, Sun K, et al. Low serum selenium concentrations are associated with poor grip strength among older women living in the community. Biofactors, 29: 37–44, 2007
Lauretani F, Semba RD, Bandinelli S, et al. Low plasma carotenoids and skeletal muscle strength decline over 6 years. J Gerontol, 63: 376–383, 2008
Alipanah N, Varadhan R, Sun K, et al. Low serum carotenoids are associated with a decline in walking speed in older women. J Nutr Health Aging, 13: 170–175, 2009
Michelon E, Blaum C, Semba RD, et al. Vitamin and carotenoid status in older women: associations with the frailty syndrome. J Gerontol, 61A: 600–607, 2006
Semba RD, Bartali B, Zhou J, et al. Low serum micronutrient concentrations predict frailty among older women living in the community. J Gerontol, 61: 594–599, 2006
Rousseau JH, Kleppinger A, Kenny AM. Self-reported dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids and association with bone and lower extremity function. J Am Geriatr Soc, 57: 1781–1788, 2009
Robinson SM, Jameson KA, Batelaan SF, et al. Diet and its relationship with grip strength in community-dwelling older men and women: the Hertfordshire cohort study. J Am Geriatr Soc, 56: 84–90, 2008
Abbatecola AM, Cherubini A, Guralnik JM. Plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids and age-related physical performance decline. Rejuvenation Res, 12: 25–32, 2009
Kaiser MJ, Bauer JM, Ramsch C, et al. Validation of the Mini Nutritional Assessment short-form (MNA-SF): a practical tool for identification of nutritional status. J Nutr Health Aging, 13: 782–788, 2009
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Volkert, D. The role of nutrition in the prevention of sarcopenia. Wien Med Wochenschr 161, 409–415 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-011-0910-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-011-0910-x