Summary.
Using microdialysis, we have monitored extracellular levels of amino acids and related amines in the human liver at three stages of the transplantation procedure: donor retrieval, back table preparation and during 48 h post-implantation. By comparing the ratio of mean levels at the donor and back table stages, with the ratio between early (2–6 h) and late (43–48 h) post-reperfusion, these amines were classified into one of three groups. In one group, back table levels were markedly higher than during the donor stage, with levels declining over time post-reperfusion. A second group had much lower levels in the back table than during the donor phase, and post-reperfusion levels were either stable or increased over time. Concentrations of amino acids in the final group remained relatively constant at all stages. This study illustrates the value of microdialysis in providing organ-specific metabolic data that may indicate specific mechanisms of poor graft function.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
C Berger PC Schmid WR Schabitz M Wolf S Schwab HHO Schmid (2004) ArticleTitleMassive accumulation of N-acylethanolamines after stroke. Cell signalling in acute cerebral ischemia? J Neurochem 88 1159–1167 Occurrence Handle15009671 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02244.x Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhvFOrurY%3D
JA Bourne (2003) ArticleTitleIntracerebral microdialysis: 30 years as a tool for the neuroscientist Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 30 16–24 Occurrence Handle12542448 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1440-1681.2003.03789.x Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhtlGit70%3D
S Broer (2002) ArticleTitleAdaptation of plasma membrane amino acid transport mechanisms to physiological demands Pflugers Arch Eur J Physiol 444 457–466 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s00424-002-0840-y Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XlsVeqtbo%3D
S Buratta A Hamberger H Ryberg B Nystrom M Sandberg R Mozzi (1998) ArticleTitleEffects of serine and ethanolamine administration on phospholipid-related compounds and neurotransmitter amino acids in the rabbit hippocampus J Neurochem 71 2145–2150 Occurrence Handle9798941 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXntVSkt7o%3D Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.71052145.x
R Carini E Albano (2003) ArticleTitleRecent insights on the mechanisms of liver preconditioning Gastroenterology 125 1480–1491 Occurrence Handle14598265 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.gastro.2003.05.005
R Carini G Bellomo MG De Cesaris E Albano (1997) ArticleTitleGlycine protects against hepatocyte killing by KCN or hypoxia by preventing Na+ intracellular overload in the rat Hepatology 26 107–112 Occurrence Handle9214458 Occurrence Handle10.1002/hep.510260114 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXkslagtLg%3D
A Casillas-Ramirez IB Mosbah F Ramalho J Rosello-Catafau C Peralta (2006) ArticleTitlePast and future approaches to ischemia-reperfusion lesion associated with liver transplantation Life Sci 79 1881–1894 Occurrence Handle16828807 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.lfs.2006.06.024 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtVCru7rE
SL Erdo JR Wolff (1990) ArticleTitleγ-Aminobutyric acid outside the mammalian brain J Neurochem 54 363–372 Occurrence Handle2405103 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb01882.x Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK3c7jt1KmtQ%3D%3D
R Erlitzki Y Gong M Zhang G Minuk (2000) ArticleTitleIdentification of γ-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit types in human and rat liver Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 279 G733–G739 Occurrence Handle11005760 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXnsFOru7k%3D
SS Gill RW Mueller PF McGuire OM Pulido (2000) ArticleTitlePotential target sites in peripheral tissues for excitatory neurotransmission and excitotoxicity Toxicol Pathol 28 277–284 Occurrence Handle10805145 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXisVKjtLo%3D
SS Gill OM Pulido (2001) ArticleTitleGlutamate receptors in peripheral tissues: current knowledge, future research, and implications for toxicology Toxicol Pathol 29 208–223 Occurrence Handle11421488 Occurrence Handle10.1080/019262301317052486 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXltVOjtbs%3D
K Ishiwari S Mingote M Correa JT Trevitt BB Carlson JD Salamone (2004) ArticleTitleThe GABA uptake inhibitor β-alanine reduces pilocarpine-induced tremor and increases extracellular GABA in substantia nigra pars reticulata as measured by microdialysis J Neurosci Methods 140 39–46 Occurrence Handle15589332 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.03.030 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVKrtrbF
A Lehmann C Carlstrom EA Nagelhus OP Ottersen (1991) ArticleTitleElevation of taurine in hippocampal extracellular fluid and cerebrospinal-fluid of acutely hypoosmotic rats – contribution by influx from blood J Neurochem 56 690–697 Occurrence Handle1899110 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08204.x Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXps1CgsA%3D%3D
L Luzi G Perseghin E Regalia LP Sereni A Battezatti D Baratti E Bianchi I Terruzzi H Hilden LC Groop A Pulvirenti M-R Taskinen L Gennari V Mazzaferro (1997) ArticleTitleMetabolic effects of liver transplantation in cirrhotic patients J Clin Invest 99 692–700 Occurrence Handle9045872 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXhtlWhsb8%3D Occurrence Handle10.1172/JCI119213
DR Mager LJ Wykes EA Roberts RO Ball PB Pencharz (2006) ArticleTitleEffect of orthotopic liver tranplantation (OLT) on branched-chain amino acid requirement Pediatr Res 59 829–834 Occurrence Handle16641206 Occurrence Handle10.1203/01.pdr.0000219302.21321.87
A Mimuro T Aoki A Tsuchida T Miyashita Y Koyanagi S Enosawa (2002) ArticleTitleEffect of ethanolamine on liver regeneration after 90% hepatectomy in rats Transplant Proc 34 2664–2667 Occurrence Handle12431567 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0041-1345(02)03368-7 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XosFOjtro%3D
S Nagoshi Y Ohta A Matsui K Fujiwara (1994) ArticleTitleProtective action of putrescine against rat-liver injury Scand J Gastroenterol 29 166–171 Occurrence Handle8171286 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXkt1Kls70%3D
G Nowak J Ungerstedt J Wernerman U Ungerstedt B-G Ericzon (2002) ArticleTitleClinical experience in continuous graft monitoring with microdialysis early after liver transplantation’ Br J Surg 89 1169–1175 Occurrence Handle12190684 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2168.2002.02187.x Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD38vjsVWiuw%3D%3D
N Plock C Kloft (2005) ArticleTitleMicrodialysis – theoretical background and recent implementation in applied life-sciences Eur J Pharmaceut Sci 25 1–24 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.ejps.2005.01.017 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjs1Knuro%3D
PJ Reeds CR Fjeld F Jahoor (1994) ArticleTitleDo the differences between the amino acid compositions of acute-phase and muscle proteins have a bearing on nitrogen loss in traumatic states? J Nutr 124 906–910 Occurrence Handle7515956 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXktlahsbY%3D
P Schemmer BU Bradford ML Rose H Bunzendahl JA Raleigh JJ Lemasters RG Thurman (1999) ArticleTitleIntravenous glycine improves survival in rat liver transplantation Am J Physiol 276 G924–G932 Occurrence Handle10198336 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXislClu7Y%3D
MA Silva DF Mirza JAC Buckels SR Bramhall D Mayer SJ Wigmore N Murphy DA Richards (2006a) ArticleTitleArginine and urea metabolism in the liver graft; a study using microdialysis in human orthotopic transplantation Transplantation 82 1304–1311 Occurrence Handle10.1097/01.tp.0000241099.93794.d6 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1CqurrP
MA Silva N Murphy DA Richards SJ Wigmore SR Bramhall JAC Buckels DH Adams DF Mirza (2006b) ArticleTitleInterstitial lactic acidosis in the graft during organ harvest, cold storage and reperfusion of human liver allografts predicts subsequent ischemia reperfusion injury Transplantation 82 227–233 Occurrence Handle10.1097/01.tp.0000226234.76036.c1 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XntFyrsL0%3D
MA Silva DA Richards SR Bramhall DH Adams DF Mirza N Murphy (2005) ArticleTitleA study of the metabolites of ischemia-reperfusion injury and selected amino acids in the liver using microdialysis during transplantation Transplantation 79 828–835 Occurrence Handle15818326 Occurrence Handle10.1097/01.TP.0000153156.38617.97 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjtVOjtLY%3D
JH Southard FO Belzer (1995) ArticleTitleOrgan preservation Annu Rev Med 46 235–247 Occurrence Handle7598460 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.med.46.1.235 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXkvFSks7k%3D
SM Strasberg TK Howard EP Molmenti M Hertl (1994) ArticleTitleSelecting the donor liver – risk-factors for poor function after orthotopic liver-transplantation Hepatology 20 829–838 Occurrence Handle7927223 Occurrence Handle10.1002/hep.1840200410 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2M%2Fht1Squg%3D%3D
K Tsuboi Y-X Sun Y Okamoto N Araki T Tonai N Ueda (2005) ArticleTitleMolecular characterization of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase, a novel member of the choloylglycine hydrolase family with structural and functional similarity to acid ceramidase J Biol Chem 280 11082–11092 Occurrence Handle15655246 Occurrence Handle10.1074/jbc.M413473200 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXisVOqu78%3D
KN Tzirogiannis GI Panoutsopoulos MD Demonakou GK Papadimas VG Kondyli KT Kourentzi RI Hereti MG Mykoniatis (2004) ArticleTitleThe hepatoprotective effect of putrescine against cadmium-induced acute liver injury Arch Toxicol 78 321–329 Occurrence Handle15004664 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s00204-004-0549-0 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXks1Kmt78%3D
U Ungerstedt E Rostami (2004) ArticleTitleMicrodialysis in neurointensive care Curr Pharmaceut Des 10 2145–2152 Occurrence Handle10.2174/1381612043384105 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXltFCnt7c%3D
M Vairetti R Carini MG De Cesaris R Splendore P Richelmi F Berte E Albano (2002) ArticleTitleBeta-alanine protection against hypoxic liver injury in the rat Biochim Biophys Acta 1587 83–91 Occurrence Handle12009428 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XjsFygsbw%3D
U Warskulat M Wettstein D Haussinger (1997) ArticleTitleOsmoregulated taurine transport in H411E hepatoma cells and perfused rat liver Biochem J 321 683–690 Occurrence Handle9032454 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXhsVaktbg%3D
M Watford (2000) ArticleTitleGlutamine and glutamate metabolism across the liver sinusoid J Nutr 130 983S–987S Occurrence Handle10736366 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXit1eiu70%3D
M Wettstein T Peters-Regehr R Kubitz R Fischer C Holneicher I Monnighoff D Haussinger (2000) ArticleTitleRelease of osmolytes induced by phagocytosis and hormones in rat liver Am J Physiol: Gastrointest Liver Physiol 278 G227–G233 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhsVOgsrc%3D
Z Zhong S Jones RG Thurman (1996) ArticleTitleGlycine minimizes reperfusion injury in a low-flow, reflow liver perfusion model in the rat Am J Physiol 270 G332–G338 Occurrence Handle8779976 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28XhsFyrsLs%3D
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Richards, D., Silva, M., Murphy, N. et al. Extracellular amino acid levels in the human liver during transplantation: a microdialysis study from donor to recipient. Amino Acids 33, 429–437 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-006-0480-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-006-0480-1