Abstract
We investigate the effect of multiple scattering on the image quality of holographic optical coherence imaging, which is a full-field coherence-domain imaging form of optical coherence tomography. The speckle holograms from turbid media and from multicellular tumor spheroids are characterized by high-contrast speckle on a multiply-scattered background caused by channel cross-talk. We quantify the multiple-scattered light that is accepted by the holographic coherence gate, and identify a cross-over from single-scattered to multiple-scattered light beyond 15 to 20 optical thicknesses. Speckle reduction relies on vibrating diffusers and on fast adaptive holograms in photorefractive quantum well devices. The high anisotropy factor for tumor tissue reduces multiply-scattered light contributions for biomedical tumor imaging.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
V.V. Tuchin, Coherence-domain methods in tissue and cell optics. Laser Phys. 8, 807–849 (1998)
J.G. Fujimoto, Optical coherence tomography for ultrahigh resolution in vivo imaging. Nat. Biotechnol. 21, 1361–1367 (2003)
A.F. Fercher, W. Drexler, C.K. Hitzenberger, T. Lasser, Optical coherence tomography—principles and applications. Rep. Prog. Phys. 66, 239–303 (2003)
D. Huang, E.A. Swanson, C.P. Lin, J.S. Schuman, W.G. Stinson, W. Chang, M.R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C.A. Puliafto, J.G. Fujimoto, Optical coherence tomography. Science 254, 1178 (1991)
J.M. Schmitt, A. Knüttel, R.F. Bonner, Measurement of optical properties of biological tissues by low-coherence reflectometry. Appl. Opt 32, 6032–6042 (1993)
E. Beaurepaire, A.C. Boccara, M. Lebec, L. Blanchot, H. Saint-Jalmes, Full-field optical coherence microscopy. Opt. Lett. 23, 244 (1998)
A. Dubois, K. Grieve, G. Moneron, R. Lecaque, L. Vabre, C. Boccara, Ultrahigh-resolution full-field optical coherence tomography. Appl. Opt. 43, 2874–2883 (2004)
S.C.W. Hyde, R. Jones, N.P. Barry, J.C. Dainty, P.M.W. French, K.M. Kwolek, D.D. Nolte, M.R. Melloch, Depth-resolved holography through turbid media using photorefraction. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, 965 (1996)
R. Jones, M. Tziraki, P.M.W. French, K.M. Kwolek, D.D. Nolte, M.R. Melloch, Direct-to-video holographic 3-D imaging using photorefractive multiple quantum well devices. Opt. Express 2, 438 (1998)
M. Tziraki, R. Jones, P.M.W. French, M.R. Melloch, D.D. Nolte, Photorefractive holography for imaging through turbid media using low coherence light. Appl. Phys. B 70, 151 (2000)
C. Dunsby, P.M.W. French, Techniques for depth-resolved imaging through turbid media including coherence-gated imaging. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 36, R207–R227 (2003)
D.D. Nolte, T. Cubel, L.J. Pyrak-Nolte, M.R. Melloch, Adaptive beam combining and interferometry using photorefractive quantum wells. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 18, 195–205 (2001)
M. Tziraki, R. Jones, P. French, D. Nolte, M. Melloch, Short-coherence photorefractive holography in multiple-quantum-well devices using light-emitting diodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 363–65 (1999)
D.D. Nolte, Semi-insulating semiconductor heterostructures: optoelectronic properties and applications. J. Appl. Phys. 85, 6259 (1999)
R.M. Brubaker, Q.N. Wang, D.D. Nolte, M.R. Melloch, Nonlocal photorefractive response induced by intervalley electron scattering in semiconductors. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 4249–52 (1996)
K.M. Kwolek, M.R. Melloch, D.D. Nolte, G.A. Brost, Diffractive quantum-well asymmetric Fabry–Perot: transverse-field photorefractive geometry. Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 736 (1995)
P. Yu, L. Peng, M. Mustata, J.J. Turek, M.R. Melloch, D.D. Nolte, Time-dependent speckle in holographic optical coherence imaging and the state of health of tumor tissue. Opt. Lett. 29, 68–70 (2004)
P. Yu, M. Mustata, L.L. Peng, J.J. Turek, M.R. Melloch, P.M.W. French, D.D. Nolte, Holographic optical coherence imaging of rat osteogenic sarcoma tumor spheroids. Appl. Opt. 43, 4862–4873 (2004)
P. Yu, M. Mustata, P.M.W. French, J.J. Turek, M.R. Melloch, D.D. Nolte, Holographic optical coherence imaging of tumor spheroids. Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 575 (2003)
K. Jeong, L. Peng, J.J. Turek, M.R. Melloch, D.D. Nolte, Fourier-domain holographic optical coherence imaging of tumor spheroids and mouse eye. Appl. Opt. 44, 1798–1806 (2005)
K. Jeong, L.L. Peng, D.D. Nolte, M.R. Melloch, Fourier-domain holography in photorefractive quantum-well films. Appl. Opt. 43, 3802–3811 (2004)
K. Jeong, J.J. Turek, M.R. Melloch, D.D. Nolte, Functional imaging in photorefractive tissue speckle holography. Opt. Commun. 281, 1860–1869 (2008)
D.D. Steele, B.L. Volodin, O. Savina, B. Kippelen, N. Peyghambarian, H. Rockel, S.R. Marder, Transillumination imaging through scattering media by use of photorefractive polymers. Opt. Lett. 23, 153–155 (1998)
R. Mahon, W.S. Rabinovich, M. Bashkansky, S.R. Bowman, K. Ikossi-Anastasiou, D.S. Katzer, Depth-gated imaging using lock-in holography. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B: Opt. Phys. 19, 1685–1691 (2002)
E. Mecher, F. Gallego-Gomez, H. Tillmann, H.H. Horhold, J.C. Hummelen, K. Meerholz, Near-infrared sensitivity enhancement of photorefractive polymer composites by pre-illumination. Nature 418, 959–964 (2002)
P. Dean, M.R. Dickinson, D.P. West, Full-field coherence-gated holographic imaging through scattering media using a photorefractive polymer composite device. Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 363–365 (2004)
G. Ramos-Ortiz, M. Cha, B. Kippelen, G.A. Walker, S. Barlow, S.R. Marder, Direct imaging through scattering media by use of efficient third-harmonic generation in organic materials. Opt. Lett. 29, 2515–2517 (2004)
P. Dean, M.R. Dickinson, D.P. West, Depth-resolved holographic imaging through scattering media by use of a photorefractive polymer composite device in the near infrared. Opt. Lett. 30, 1941–1943 (2005)
A. Kabir, A.M. Ajward, H.P. Wagner, Holographic imaging using the phase coherent photorefractive effect in ZnSe quantum wells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 (2008)
K. Jeong, J.J. Turek, D.D. Nolte, Fourier-domain digital holographic optical coherence imaging of living tissue. Appl. Opt. 46, 4999–5008 (2007)
K. Jeong, J.J. Turek, D.D. Nolte, Imaging motility contrast in digital holography of tissue response to cytoskeletal anti-cancer drugs. Opt. Express 15, 14057 (2007)
U. Schnars, W.P.O. Juptner, Digital recording and numerical reconstruction of holograms. Meas. Sci. Technol. 13, R85–R101 (2002)
M.C. Potcoava, M.K. Kim, Optical tomography for biomedical applications by digital interference holography. Meas. Sci. Technol. 19 (2008)
S.G. Adie, T.R. Hillman, D.D. Sampson, Detection of multiple scattering in optical coherence tomography using the spatial distribution of Stokes vectors. Opt. Express 15, 18033–18049 (2007)
B. Karamata, M. Leutenegger, M. Laubscher, S. Bourquin, T. Lasser, P. Lambelet, Multiple scattering in optical coherence tomography, II: experimental and theoretical investigation of cross talk in wide-field optical coherence tomography. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A: Opt. Image Sci. Vis. 22, 1380–1388 (2005)
J.M. Schmitt, S.H. Xiang, K.M. Yung, Speckle in optical coherence tomography. J. Biomed. Opt. 4, 95–105 (1999)
M.R. Hee, J.A. Izatt, J.M. Jacobson, J.G. Fujimoto, E.A. Swanson, Femtosecond transillumination optical coherence tomography. Opt. Lett. 18, 950 (1993)
S. Balasubramanian, I. Lahiri, Y. Ding, M.R. Melloch, D.D. Nolte, Two-wave mixing dynamics and nonlinear hot-electron transport in transverse-geometry photorefractive quantum wells studied by moving gratings. Appl. Phys. B 68, 863–9 (1999)
L.A. Kunz-Schughart, Multicellular tumor spheroids: intermediates between monolayer culture and in vivo tumor. Cell Biol. Int. 23, 157–161 (1999)
M.T. Santini, G. Rainaldi, Three-dimensional spheroid model in tumor biology. Pathobiology 67, 148–157 (1999)
M. Marusic, Z. Bajzer, J.P. Freyer, S. Vuk-Pavlovic, Analysis of growth of multicellular tumor spheroids by mathematical models. Cell Prolif. 27, 73–94 (1994)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jeong, K., Turek, J.J., Melloch, M.R. et al. Multiple-scattering speckle in holographic optical coherence imaging. Appl. Phys. B 95, 617–625 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-009-3561-5
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-009-3561-5