Abstract
Cavity ringdown (CRD) spectroscopy, with its high sensitivity, provides a novel way to perform continuous-wave (cw) stimulated Raman gain (SRG) spectroscopy, rather than by conventional optically detected coherent Raman techniques. Tunable cw laser light at ∼1544 nm is used to probe ringdown decay from a rapidly-swept, high-finesse optical cavity containing a gas-phase sample of interest and itself located inside the cavity of a cw single-longitudinal-mode Nd:YAG ring laser operating at ∼1064.4 nm. This approach is used to measure cw SRG spectra of the ν 1 fundamental rovibrational Raman band of methane gas at ∼2916.5 cm−1. The resulting SRG-CRD resonances have ringdown times longer than in the off-resonance case, in contrast to the usual shorter ringdown times arising from absorption and other loss processes. Previously reported noise-equivalent sensitivities have been substantially improved, by using a second ringdown cavity to facilitate subtraction of infrared-absorption background signals. Moreover, by employing a ringdown cavity in the form of a ring, the SRG-pump and CRD-detected Stokes beams can co-propagate uni-directionally, which significantly reduces Doppler broadening.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
K.W. Busch, M.A. Busch (eds.), Cavity-Ringdown Spectroscopy—An Ultratrace-Absorption Measurement Technique. ACS Symposium Series, vol. 720 (American Chemical Society, Washington, 1999)
G. Berden, R. Peeters, G. Meijer, Int. Rev. Phys. Chem. 19, 565 (2000)
A.B. Harvey (ed.), Chemical Applications of Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy (Academic Press, New York, 1981)
P. Esherick, A. Owyoung, Adv. Infrared Raman Spectrosc. 9, 130 (1982)
F.V. Englich, Y. He, B.J. Orr, Appl. Phys. B 83, 1 (2006)
F.V. Englich, New approaches to cavity ringdown laser spectroscopy. Ph.D. Thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2007
F.V. Englich, Y. He, B.J. Orr, Stimulated Raman gain spectroscopy with continuous-wave cavity ringdown detection, in Conference on Lasers & Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics & Laser Science Conference, and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies. OSA Technical Digest Series (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2007), paper CWE1. http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=CLEO-2007-CWE1
P.N. Butcher, D. Cotter, The Elements of Nonlinear Optics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990)
Y.R. Shen, The Principles of Nonlinear Optics (Wiley, New York, 1984)
R.W. Boyd, Nonlinear Optics, 2nd edn. (Academic Press, San Diego, 2003)
W.R. Trutna, R.L. Byer, Appl. Opt. 19, 301 (1980)
D. Cotter, D.C. Hanna, R. Wyatt. Appl. Phys. 8, 333 (1975)
A. Kazzaz, S. Ruschin, I. Shoshan, G. Ravnitsky, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 30, 3017 (1994)
W. Kaiser, M. Maier, Stimulated Rayleigh, Brillouin, Raman spectroscopy, in Laser Handbook, vol. 2, ed. by F.T. Arecchi, E.O. Schultz-Dubois (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1972), pp. 1077–1150, Chap. E2
M. Maier, Appl. Phys. 11, 209 (1976)
A. Penzkofer, A. Laubereau, W. Kaiser, Prog. Quantum Electron. 6, 55 (1979)
H.W. Schrötter, H.W. Klöckner, Raman scattering cross sections in gases and liquids, in Raman Spectroscopy of Gases and Liquids, ed. by A. Weber. Topics in Current Physics Series, vol. 11 (Springer, Berlin, 1979), pp. 123–166, Chap. 4
J. Reintjes, M. Bashkansky, Stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering, in Handbook of Optics, vol. IV, Fiber Optics and Nonlinear Optics, ed. by M. Bass, J.M. Enoch, E.W. Van Stryland, W.L. Wolfe (McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001), pp. 18.1–18.61, Chap. 18
A. Owyoung, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-14, 192 (1978)
A. Owyoung, CW stimulated Raman spectroscopy, in Chemical Applications of Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy, ed. by A.B. Harvey (Academic Press, New York, 1981), pp. 281–320, Chap. 7
A.C. Eckbreth, P. Schreiber, Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS): application to combustion and gas-phase diagnostics, in Chemical Applications of Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy, ed. by A.B. Harvey (Academic Press, New York, 1981), pp. 28–87, Chap. 2
E.S. Yeung, Applications of inverse Raman spectroscopy, in Chemical Applications of Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy, ed. by A.B. Harvey (Academic Press, New York, 1981), pp. 172–204, Chap. 4
J.J. Barrett, Photoacoustic Raman spectroscopy of gases, in Chemical Applications of Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy, ed. by A.B. Harvey (Academic Press, New York, 1981), pp. 89–169, Chap. 3
G.D. Boyd, W.D. Johnston, I.P. Kaminow, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-5, 203 (1969)
Y. He, B.J. Orr, Chem. Phys. Lett. 319, 131 (2000)
Y. He, B.J. Orr, Chem. Phys. Lett. 335, 215 (2001)
Y. He, B.J. Orr, Appl. Phys. B 75, 267 (2002)
Y. He, B.J. Orr, Appl. Phys. B 85, 355 (2006)
J.K. Brasseur, K.S. Repasky, J.L. Carlsten, Opt. Lett. 23, 367 (1998)
K.S. Repasky, J.K. Brasseur, L. Meng, J.L. Carlsten, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 15, 1667 (1998)
J.K. Brasseur, P.A. Roos, K.S. Repasky, J.L. Carlsten, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 16, 1305 (1999)
P.A. Roos, J.K. Brasseur, J.L. Carlsten, Opt. Lett. 24, 1130 (1999)
L.S. Meng, K.S. Repasky, P.A. Roos, J.L. Carlsten, Opt. Lett. 25, 472 (2000)
L.S. Meng, P.A. Roos, K.S. Repasky, J.L. Carlsten, Opt. Lett. 26, 426 (2001)
J.C. Bienfang, W. Rudolph, P.A. Roos, L.S. Meng, J.L. Carlsten, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 19, 1318 (2002)
L.S. Meng, P.A. Roos, J.L. Carlsten, Opt. Lett. 27, 1226 (2002)
J.K. Brasseur, R.F. Teehan, P.A. Roos, B. Soucy, D.K. Neumann, J.L. Carlsten, Appl. Opt. 43, 1162 (2004)
E.P. Ippen, Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 303 (1970)
S.X. Qiang, J.B. Snow, H.M. Tzeng, R.K. Chang, Science 231, 486 (1986)
H.B. Lin, A.J. Campillo, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 2440 (1994)
H.B. Lin, A.J. Campillo, Opt. Commun. 133, 287 (1997)
A.S. Grabitchov, V.A. Lisinetskii, V.A. Orlovich, M. Schmitt, R. Maksimenka, W. Kiefer, Opt. Lett. 29, 2524 (2004)
A.A. Demidovich, A.S. Grabitchov, V.A. Lisinetskii, V.N. Burakevich, V.A. Orlovich, W. Kiefer, Opt. Lett. 30, 1701 (2005)
H.M. Pask, Opt. Lett. 30, 2454 (2005)
P. Dekker, H.M. Pask, D.J. Spence, J.A. Piper, Opt. Express 15, 7038 (2007)
J.A. Piper, H.M. Pask, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 13, 692 (2007)
H. Rong, R. Jones, A. Liu, O. Cohen, D. Hak, A. Fang, M. Paniccia, Nature 433, 725 (2005)
H. Rong, S. Xu, Y.-H. Kuo, V. Sih, O. Cohen, O. Raday, M. Paniccia, Nat. Photon. 1, 232 (2007)
E.M. Dianov, A.M. Prokhorov, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 6, 1022 (2000)
O. Boyraz, B. Jalali, Opt. Express 12, 5269 (2004)
S.M. Spillane, T.J. Kippenberg, K.J. Vahala, Nature 415, 621 (2002)
B. Min, T.J. Kippenberg, K.J. Vahala, Opt. Lett. 28, 1507 (2003)
T.J. Kippenberg, S.M. Spillane, B. Min, K.J. Vahala, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 10, 1219 (2004)
I.S. Grudinin, L. Maleki, Opt. Lett. 32, 166 (2007)
I.S. Grudinin, L. Maleki, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25, 594 (2008)
A.A. Savchenkov, A.B. Matsko, M. Mohageg, L. Maleki, Opt. Lett. 32, 497 (2007)
A.B. Matsko, A.A. Savchenkov, L. Maleki, Opt. Commun. 260, 662 (2006)
J.W. Nibler, J.J. Yang, Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 38, 349 (1987)
R.J.H. Clark, R.E. Hester (eds.), Advances in Non-linear Spectroscopy. Advances in Spectroscopy Series, vol. 15 (Wiley, New York, 1988)
M.D. Levenson, S.S. Kano, Introduction to Nonlinear Laser Spectroscopy (Academic Press, San Diego, 1988)
H.W. Schrötter, H. Berger, J.P. Boquillon, B. Lavorel, G. Millot, J. Raman Spectrosc. 21, 781 (1990)
W.J. Jones, Can. J. Phys. 78, 327 (2000)
H.W. Schrötter, Raman spectra of gases, in Handbook of Raman Spectroscopy, ed. by I.R. Lewis, H.G.M. Edwards (Dekker, New York, 2001), pp. 307–348
H. Berger, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 66, 55 (1977)
S. Broderson, High-resolution rotational-vibrational Raman spectroscopy, in Raman Spectroscopy of Gases and Liquids, ed. by A. Weber. Topics in Current Physics Series, vol. 11 (Springer, Berlin, 1979), pp. 7–69, Chap. 2
A. Owyoung, C.W. Patterson, R.S. McDowell, Chem. Phys. Lett. 59, 156 (1978)
A. Owyoung, C.W. Patterson, R.S. McDowell, Chem. Phys. Lett. 61, 636 (1979)
A. Owyoung, High resolution coherent Raman spectroscopy of gases, in Laser Spectroscopy IV, ed. by H. Walther, K.W. Rothe. Springer Series in Optical Sciences, vol. 21 (Springer, Berlin, 1979), pp. 175–187
J.J. Valentini, P. Esherick, A. Owyoung, Chem. Phys. Lett. 75, 590 (1980)
P. Esherick, A. Owyoung, High resolution inverse Raman and Raman gain spectroscopy, in Non-Linear Raman Spectroscopy and Its Chemical Applications, ed. by W. Kiefer, D.A. Long (Reidel, Dordrecht, 1982), pp. 499–517
H.W. Schrötter, H. Frunder, H. Berger, J.-P. Boquillon, B. Lavorel, G. Millot, High resolution CARS and inverse Raman spectroscopy, in Advances in Non-linear Spectroscopy, ed. by R.J.H. Clark, R.E. Hester. Advances in Spectroscopy Series, vol. 15, (Wiley, New York, 1988), pp. 97–147, Chap. 3
D. Bermejo, J. Santos, P. Cancio, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 156, 15 (1992)
J. Santos, P. Cancio, J.L. Domenech, J. Rodriguez, D. Bermejo, Laser Chem. 12, 53 (1992)
D. Pieroni, J.-M. Hartmann, F. Chaussard, X. Michaut, T. Gabard, R. Saint-Loup, H. Berger, J.-P. Champion, J. Chem. Phys. 112, 1335 (2000)
M.A. Henesian, L. Kulevskii, R.L. Byer, R.L. Herbst, Opt. Commun. 18, 225 (1976)
M.A. Henesian, L. Kulevskii, R.L. Byer, J. Chem. Phys. 65, 5530 (1976)
D.N. Kozlov, A.M. Prokhorov, V.V. Smirnov, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 77, 21 (1979)
J.-P. Boquillon, R. Bergier, Appl. Phys. 18, 195 (1979)
E. Gustafson, J. McDaniel, R. Byer, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 17, 2258 (1981)
H. Frunder, D. Illig, H. Finsterhölzl, H.W. Schrötter, B. Lavorel, G. Roussel, J.C. Hilico, J.P. Champion, G. Pierre, G. Poussigue, E. Pascaud, Chem. Phys. Lett. 100, 110 (1983)
J.-E. Lolck, Chem. Phys. Lett. 106, 143 (1984)
R.S. McDowell, C.W. Patterson, J. Chem. Phys. 72, 1071 (1980)
P. Esherick, A. Owyoung, C.W. Patterson, J. Phys. Chem. 87, 602 (1983)
J.E. Lolck, A. Owyoung, P. Esherick, J. Raman Spectrosc. 16, 163 (1985)
G. Millot, B. Lavorel, R. Chaux, R. Saint-Loup, G. Pierre, H. Berger, J.I. Steinfeld, B. Foy, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 127, 156 (1988)
L.S. Rothman, D. Jacquemart, A. Barbe, D. Chris Benner, M. Birk, L.R. Brown, M.R. Carleer, C. Chackerian Jr., K. Chance, L.H. Coudert, V. Dana, V.M. Devi, J.-M. Flaud, R.R. Gamache, A. Goldman, J.-M. Hartmann, K.W. Jucks, A.G. Maki, J.-Y. Mandin, S.T. Massie, J. Orphal, A. Perrin, C.P. Rinsland, M.A.H. Smith, J. Tennyson, R.N. Tolchenov, R.A. Toth, J. Vander Auwera, P. Varanasi, G. Wagner, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 96, 139 (2005)
L.R. Brown, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 96, 251 (2005)
Y. He, B.J. Orr, Appl. Phys. B 79, 941 (2004)
Y. He, B.J. Orr, Appl. Opt. 44, 6752 (2005)
J.D. Berger, A. Anthon, Optics Photonics News March 2003, 42 (2003)
L.-H. Deng, X.-M. Gao, Z.-S. Cao, W.-D. Chen, W.-J. Zhang, Z.-B. Gong, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 103, 402 (2007)
A.W. Liu, S. Kassi, A. Campargue, Chem. Phys. Lett. 447, 16 (2007)
D.C. Hanna, D.J. Pointer, D.J. Pratt, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-22, 332 (1986)
Y. Taira, K. Ide, H. Takuma, Chem. Phys. Lett. 91, 299 (1982)
R.B. Lopert, Measured stimulated Raman gain in methane. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Irvine, 1983
J.-E. Lolck, A.G. Robiette, Chem. Phys. Lett. 64, 195–199 (1979)
J.-E. Lolck, A.G. Robiette, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 88, 14 (1981)
J.-E. Lolck, A.G. Robiette, L.R. Brown, R.H. Hunt, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 92, 229 (1982)
G. Poussigue, E. Pascaud, J.P. Champion, G. Pierre, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 93, 351 (1982)
T.F. Johnston, W. Proffitt, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-16, 483 (1980)
A.A. Kaminskii, H.J. Eichler, P. Reiche, R. Uecker, Laser Phys. Lett. 2, 489 (2005)
E.A. Khazanov, Quantum Electron. 31, 351 (2001)
E. Khazanov, A. Anastasiyev, N. Andreev, A. Voytovich, O. Palashov, Appl. Opt. 41, 2947 (2002)
W.A. Clarkson, N.S. Felgate, D.C. Hanna, Opt. Lett. 24, 820 (1999)
R. Hua, S. Wada, H. Tashiro, Opt. Commun. 175, 189 (2000)
R. Kandasamy, M. Yamanaka, Y. Izawa, S. Nakui, Opt. Rev. 7, 149 (2000)
K. Levenberg, Q. Appl. Math. 2, 164–168 (1944)
D.W. Marquardt, J. Soc. Appl. Math. (SIAM J.) 11, 431 (1963)
H. Naus, I.H.M. van Stokkum, W. Hogervorst, W. Ubachs, Appl. Opt. 40, 4416 (2001)
A. Savitzky, M.J.E. Golay, Anal. Chem. 36, 1627 (1964)
J. Steinier, Y. Termonia, J. Deltour, Anal. Chem. 44, 1906 (1972)
H.H. Madden, Anal. Chem. 50, 1383 (1978)
L.A. Rahn, R.L. Farrow, M.L. Koszykowski, P.L. Mattern, Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 620 (1980)
M. Péalat, M. Lefebvre, J.-P.E. Taran, P.L. Kelley, Phys. Rev. A 38, 1948 (1988)
A. Weber, High-resolution rotational Raman spectra of gases, in Raman Spectroscopy of Gases and Liquids, ed. by A. Weber. Topics in Current Physics Series, vol. 11 (Springer, Berlin, 1979), pp. 71–121, Chap. 3
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Englich, F.V., He, Y. & Orr, B.J. Continuous-wave cavity-ringdown detection of stimulated Raman gain spectra. Appl. Phys. B 94, 1–27 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-008-3286-x
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-008-3286-x