Abstract
Quantum cascade (QC) lasers are virtually ideal mid-infrared sources for trace gas monitoring. They can be fabricated to operate at any of a very wide range of wavelengths from ∼ 3 μm to ∼ 24 μm. Seizing the opportunity presented by mid-infrared QC lasers, several groups world-wide are actively applying them to trace gas sensing. Real world applications include environmental monitoring, industrial process control and biomedical diagnostics. In our laboratory we have explored the use of several methods for carrying out absorption spectroscopy with these sources, which include multipass absorption spectroscopy, cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS), integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS), and quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS).
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
F.K. Tittel, D. Richter, A. Fried, In: Solid state mid-infrared laser sources, ed. by I.T. Sorokina, K.L. Vodopyanov (Springer, Berlin New York, 2003) Topics Appl. Phys., vol. 89, pp. 445–510
R.F. Curl, F.K. Tittel, Ann. Rep. Prog. Chem. C 98, 219 (2002)
T. Yanagawa, H. Kanbara, O. Tadanaga, M. Asobe, H. Suzuki, J. Yumoto, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 161106 (2005)
D. Richter, P. Weibring, Appl. Phys. B 82, 479 (2006)
P. Weibring, D. Richter, A. Fried, J.G. Walega, C. Dyroff, Appl. Phys. B 85, 207 (2006)
A.A. Kosterev, F.K. Tittel, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-38, 582 (2002)
S.G. So, G. Wysocki, J.P. Frantz, F.K. Tittel, IEEE Sens. J. 6, 1057 (2006)
S. Borri, S. Bartalini, P. De Natale, M. Inguscio, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D.L. Sivco, A.Y. Cho, Appl. Phys. B 85, 223 (2006)
S.C. Herndon, M.S. Zahniser, D.D. Nelson, J. Shorter, J.B. McManus, R. Jimenez, C. Warneke, J.A. de Gouw, J. Geophys. Res. Atmosph. 112, 1003 (2007)
A. Lambrecht, T. Beyer, M. Braun, A. Peter, S. Hartwig, Techn. Mess. 71, 311 (2004)
M.B. Pushkarsky, I.G. Dunayevskiy, M. Prasanna, A.G. Tsekoun, R. Go, C.K.N. Patel, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 103, 19630 (2006)
W.T. Rawlins, J.M. Hensley, D.M. Sonnenfroh, D.B. Oakes, M.G. Allen, Appl. Opt. 44, 6635 (2005)
M.D. Wojcik, M.C. Phillips, B.D. Cannon, M.S. Taubman, Appl. Phys. B 85, 307 (2006)
D. Weidmann, A.A. Kosterev, C. Roller, R.F. Curl, M.P. Fraser, F.K. Tittel, Appl. Opt. 43, 3329 (2004)
A.A. Kosterev, A.L. Malinovsky, F.K. Tittel, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D.L. Sivco, J.N. Baillargeon, A.L. Hutchinson, A.Y. Cho, Appl. Opt. 40, 5522 (2001)
Y.A. Bakhirkin, A.A. Kosterev, R.F. Curl, F.K. Tittel, D.A. Yarekha, L. Hvozdara, M. Giovannini, J. Faist, Appl. Phys. B 82, 149 (2006)
A.A. Kosterev, Y.A. Bakhirkin, F.K. Tittel, Appl. Phys. B 80, 133 (2005)
G. Wysocki, Y. Bakhirkin, S. So, F.K. Tittel, R.Q. Yang, M.P. Fraser, Appl. Opt. 46, 8202 (2007)
M.R. McCurdy, Y.A. Bakhirkin, F.K. Tittel, Appl. Phys. B 85, 445 (2006)
A.A. Kosterev, R.F. Curl, F.K. Tittel, R. Kohler, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D.L. Sivco, A.Y. Cho, Appl. Opt. 41, 573 (2002)
A.A. Kosterev, Y.A. Bakhirkin, F.K. Tittel, S. Blaser, Y. Bonetti, L. Hvozdara, Appl. Phys. B 78, 673 (2004)
http://www.ece.rice.edu/lasersci/detectio.html
S. Blaser, D. Yarekha, L. Hvozdara, Y. Bonetti, A. Muller, M. Giovannini, J. Faist, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 41109 (2005)
C. Gmachl, D.L. Sivco, R. Colombelli, F. Capasso, A.Y. Cho, Nature 415, 883 (2002)
R. Maulini, A. Mohan, M. Giovannini, J. Faist, E. Gini, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 201113 (2006)
R. Maulini, M. Beck, J. Faist, E. Gini, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 1659 (2004)
G. Wysocki, R.F. Curl, F.K. Tittel, R. Maulini, J.M. Bulliard, J. Faist, Appl. Phys. B 81, 769 (2005)
C. Peng, G. Luo, H.Q. Le, Appl. Opt. 42, 4877 (2003)
G.C. Liang, H.-H. Liu, A.H. Kung, A. Mohacsi, A. Miklos, P. Hess, J. Phys. Chem. A 104, 10179 (2000)
M. Gomes da Silva, A. Miklos, A. Falkenroth, P. Hess, Appl. Phys. B 82, 329 (2006)
A.A. Kosterev, Y.A. Bakhirkin, R.F. Curl, F.K. Tittel, Opt. Lett. 27, 1902 (2002)
A.A. Kosterev, F.K. Tittel, D. Serebryakov, A. Malinovsky, A. Morozov, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76, 043105 (2005)
A.A. Kosterev, F.K. Tittel, Appl. Opt. 43, 6213 (2004)
G. Wysocki, A.A. Kosterev, F.K. Tittel, Appl. Phys. B 85, 301 (2006)
D. Weidmann, A.A. Kosterev, F.K. Tittel, N. Ryan, D. McDonald, Opt. Lett. 29, 1837 (2004)
A.A. Kosterev, T.S. Mosely, F.K. Tittel, Appl. Phys. B 85, 295 (2006)
A.A. Kosterev, Y.A. Bakhirkin, F.K. Tittel, S. Blaser, Y. Bonetti, L. Hvozdara, Appl. Phys. B 78, 673 (2004)
M. Horstjann, Y.A. Bakhirkin, A.A. Kosterev, R.F. Curl, F.K. Tittel, Appl. Phys. B 79, 799 (2004)
A. Kosterev, F.K. Tittel, T.S. Knittel, A. Cowie, J.D. Tate, Trace Humidity Sensor based on Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, Laser Appl. to Chem. Security and Environ. Analysis Conf., Incline Village, NV, February 5–9 (2006)
G. Wysocki, A.A. Kosterev, F.K. Tittel, Appl. Phys. B 80, 617 (2005)
S. Wehe, M. Allen, X. Liu, J. Jeffries, R. Hanson, NO and CO absorption measurements with a MidIR quantum cascade laser for engine exhaust applications, Proc. 41st Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 6–9 January (2003), Reno, Nevada, AIAA 2003-588
G.R. Price, K.K. Botros, G.M. Goldin, J. Eng. Gas Turb. Power 124, 276 (2002)
C. Stroud, S. Madronich, E. Atlas, B. Ridley, F. Flocke, A. Weinheimer, B. Talbot, A. Fried, B. Wert, R. Shetter, B. Lefer, M. Coffey, B. Heikes, D. Blake, Atmosph. Environ. 37, 3351 (2003)
P.E. Silkoff, M. Caramori, L. Tremblay, P. McClean, C. Chaparro, S. Kesten, M. Hutcheon, A.S. Slutsky, N. Zamel, S. Keshavjee, Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care 157, 1822 (1998)
S.A. Kharitonov, P.J. Barnes, Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care 163, 1693 (2001)
D.D. Nelson, J.H. Shorter, J.B. McManus, M.S. Zahniser, Appl. Phys. B 75, 343 (2002)
B.A. Paldus, A.A. Kachanov, Can. J. Phys. 83, 975 (2005)
Y.A. Bakhirkin, A.A. Kosterev, C. Roller, R.F. Curl, F.K. Tittel, Appl. Opt. 43, 2257 (2004)
J. Paul, L. Lapson, J. Anderson, Appl. Opt. 40, 4904 (2001)
K. Namjou, C.B. Roller, T.E. Reich, J.D. Jeffers, G.L. McMillen, P.J. McCann, M.A. Camp, Appl. Phys. B 85, 427 (2006)
TS/ERS Recommendations for Standardized Procedures for the Online and Offline Measurement of Exhaled Lower Respiratory Nitric Oxide and Nasal Nitric Oxide. Am J. Resp. Crit. Care 171, 912 (2005)
T.H. Risby, S.F. Solga, Appl. Phys. B 85, 421 (2006)
M. McCurdy, Y. Bakhirkin, G. Wysocki, F.K. Tittel, J. Biomed. Opt. 12, 034034-1 (2007)
M. McCurdy, Y. Bakhirkin, G. Wysocki, F. K Tittel, J. Breath Res. 1, 014001 (2007)
D.D. Nelson, J.B. McManus, S.C. Herndon, J. Shorter, M.S. Zahniser, S. Blaser, L. Hvozdara, A. Mueller, M. Giovannini, J. Faist, Opt. Lett. 21, 2012 (2006)
L.I. Kleinman, P.H. Daum, D. Imre, Y.N. Lee, J.L. Nunnermacker, S.R. Springston, J. Weinstein-Lloyd, J. Rudolph, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 1467 (2002)
T.B. Ryerson, M. Trainer, W.M. Angevine, C.A. Brock, R.W. Dissly, F.C. Fehsenfeld, G.J. Frost, P.D. Goldan, J.S. Holloway, G. Hubler, R.O. Jakoubek, W.C. Kuster, J.A. Neuman, D.K. Nicks, D.D. Parrish, J.M. Roberts, D.T. Sueper, J. Geophys. Res. 108, 4249 (2003)
D.B. Oh, M.E. Paige, D.S. Bomse, Appl. Opt. 37, 2499 (1998)
Y.Q. Li, K.L. Demerjian, M.S. Zahniser, D.D. Nelson, J.B. McManus, S.C. Herndon, J. Geophys. Res. 109, D16S08 (2004)
R. Jimenez, S. Herndon, J.H. Shorter, D.D. Nelson, J.B. McManus, M.S. Zahniser, Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 5738, 318 (2005)
A. Fried, J.R. Drummond, B. Henry, J. Fox, Appl. Opt. 30, 1916 (1991)
Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Point Source Emission Inventory Database, provided by TCEQ Technical Analysis Division, Austin, TX (2006)
A. Tsekoun, R. Go, M. Pushkarsky, M. Razeghi, C.K.N. Patel, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 103, 4831 (2006)
A. Wittmann, M. Giovannini, J. Faist, L. Hvozdara, S. Blaser, D. Hofstetter, E. Gini, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 141116 (2006)
J. Faist, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 253512 (2007)
S. So, F. Koushanfar, A. Kosterev, F. Tittel, LaserSPECks: Laser SPECtroscopic trace gas sensor networks – sensor integration and applications, Proc. Info. Process. in Sensor Networks (IPSN–SPOTS), Cambridge, MA, April 24–28 (2007)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
PACS
42.62.Fi; 42.62.Be; 07.88.+y; 33.20.Ea
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kosterev, A., Wysocki, G., Bakhirkin, Y. et al. Application of quantum cascade lasers to trace gas analysis. Appl. Phys. B 90, 165–176 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-007-2846-9
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-007-2846-9