Abstract
The developments of nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals in the last decade are reviewed from two aspects. In the theoretical part, on the ab initio plane-wave pseudopotential energy method, calculation of the optical responses, including the second harmonic generation coefficients, a computer-program package, and a real-space atom-cutting method are described and employed to evaluate the degree of approximation of the anionic group theory for nonlinear optical crystals. The ab initio method combined with the anionic group theory gives much more insight into the understanding of the relationship between the optical responses and microscopic structures of NLO crystals, borate-based NLO crystals in particular. In the experimental part, we describe how to use the anionic group theory method and an experimental evaluation system to develop a series of borate-based UV-NLO crystals such as KBe2BO3F2 (KBBF) and K2Al2B2O7 (KABO). The capability of these new UV-NLO crystals in producing deep-UV harmonic output is evaluated and determined. Finally, recent advances in the generation of deep- and vacuum-UV harmonic output with these new NLO crystals are reported.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
C.T. Chen: ‘Development of New NLO Crystals in the Borate Series’. In: Laser Science and Technology, an International Handbook, Vol. 15, ed. by V.S. Letokhov, C.V. Shank, Y.R. Shen, H. Walther (Harwood, Chur, Switzerland 1993) Chap. 1
C.T. Chen, Y.C. Wu, A.D. Jiang, G.M. You: Sci. Sin. B 15, 235 (1985)
C.T. Chen, Y.C. Wu, A.D. Jiang, B.C. Wu, G.M. You, R.K. Li, S.J. Lin: J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6, 616 (1989)
L.F. Mei, C.T. Chen, B.C. Wu: J. Appl. Phys. 74, 7014 (1993)
C.T. Chen, Y.B. Wang, Y.N. Xia, B.C. Wu, O.Y. Tang, K. Wu, W. Zeng, L.H. Yu: J. Appl. Phys. 77, 2268 (1995)
C.T. Chen, Y.B. Wang, B.C. Wu, K. Wu, W. Zeng, L.H. Yu: Nature 373, 322 (1995)
H. Qi, C.T. Chen: Chem. Lett. 30, 354 (2001)
C.T. Chen, N. Ye, B. Wu, W.R. Zeng, Q. Chen, Y.D. Zang: in Proc. Int. Symp. Laser and Nonlinear Optical Materials, Singapore, November 1997, T6.1, 103; N. Ye, W.R. Zeng, B.C. Wu, C.T. Chen: Proc. SPIE 3556, 21 (1998)
N. Ye, W.R. Zeng, B.C. Wu, C.T. Chen: J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 17, 764 (2000)
Y.C. Wu, T. Sasaki, S. Nakai, A. Yokotani, H. Tang, C.T. Chen: Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 2614 (1993)
Y. Mori, I. Kuroda, S. Nakajima, T. Sasaki, S. Nakai: Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 1818 (1995)
J.M. Tu, D.A. Keszler: Mater. Res. Bull. 30, 209 (1995)
Z.G. Hu, T. Higashiyama, M. Yoshimura, Y. Mori, T. Sasaki: Z. Kristallogr. 214, 433 (1999)
G. Aka, A. Kahn-Harari, F. Mougel, D. Vivien, F. Salin, P. Coquelin, P. Colin, D. Pelenc, J.P. Damelet: J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14, 2238 (1997)
M. Iwai, T. Kobayashi, H. Furya, H. Mori, T. Sasaki: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 36, L276 (1997)
R. Norrestam, M. Nygren, J.O. Bovin: Chem. Mater. 4, 737 (1992)
Z.G. Hu, M. Yoshimura, K. Muramatsu, Y. Mori, T. Sasaki: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41, L1131 (2002); Z.G. Hu, K. Maramatsu, N. Kanehisa, M. Yoshimura, Y. Mori, T. Sasaki, Y. Kai: Z. Kristallogr. NCS 218, 1 (2003)
D.A. Keszler, A. Akella, K.A. Schaffers III, T. Akelel: Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 329, 15 (1994)
T.K. Kwon, J.J. Ju, J.W. Cha, J.N. Kim, S.I. Yun: Mater. Lett. 20, 211 (1994)
N. Bloembergen: Nonlinear Optics (Benjamin, New York 1965) pp. 5–8
S.K. Kurtz, F.N.H. Robinson: Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 62 (1967)
C.G.B. Garrett, F.N.H. Robinson: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-2 , 328 (1966); C.G.B. Garrett: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-4, 70 (1968)
C.T. Jeggo, G.D. Boyd: J. Appl. Phys. 41, 2471 (1974)
J.G. Bergman, G.R. Crane: J. Chem. Phys. 60, 2470 (1974)
B.F. Levine: Phys. Rev. Lett. 22, 787 (1969); B.F. Levine: Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 440 (1970)
B.F. Levine: Phys. Rev. B 7, 2600 (1973)
F.N.H. Robinson: Bell Syst. Tech. J. 46, 913 (1967)
Y. Fuji, T. Sakudo: Phys. Rev. B 13, 1161 (1976)
B.F. Levine: Phys. Rev. B 13, 5102 (1976)
L. Davydov, L.D. Derkacheva, V.V. Duna, M.E. Zhabotinskii, V.F. Zolin, L.G. Roreneva, M.A. Somokhina: JETP Lett. 12, 16 (1970)
D.S. Chemla, D.J.L. Oudar, J. Jerphagnon: Phys. Rev. B 12, 4534 (1975)
J.L. Oudar, D.S. Chemla: Opt. Commun. 13, 164 (1975)
J.L. Oudar, H. Leperson: Opt. Commun. 14, 256 (1975)
M. DiDomenico, S.H. Wemple Jr.: J. Appl. Phys. 40, 720 (1969); S.H. Wemple Jr., M. DiDomenico: J. Appl. Phys. 40, 735 (1969); S.H. Wemple Jr., M. DiDomenico, I. Camlibel: Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 209 (1968)
C.T. Chen: Acta Phys. Sin. 25, 146 (1976); C.T. Chen: Sci. Sin. 22, 756 (1979)
C.T. Chen, Z.P. Liu, S.H. Shen: Acta Phys. Sin. 30, 715 (1981)
C.T. Chen, G.Z. Liu: Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 16, 203 (1986)
R.Y. Shen: The Principles of Nonlinear Optics (Wiley-Interscience, New York 1984) p. 25
C.T. Chen, Y.C. Wu, R.K. Li: Chin. Phys. Lett. 2, 389 (1985)
J. Liebertz, S. Stahr: Z. Kristallogr. 165, 91 (1983)
R.K. Li, C.T. Chen: Acta Phys. Sin. 34, 824 (1985)
P. Backer: Adv. Mater. 10, 979 (1998)
Gaussian’92, revision A (Gaussian, Inc., Pittsburg, PA 1992)
P.N. Butcher, T.P. McLean: Proc. Phys. Soc. Lond. 81, 219 (1963)
D.E. Aspnes: Phys. Rev. B 6, 4648 (1972)
E. Ghahramani, D.J. Moss, J.E. Sipe: Phys. Rev. B 43, 8990 (1990)
J.E. Sipe, E. Ghahramani: Phys. Rev. B 48, 11705 (1993)
C. Aversa, J.E. Sipe: Phys. Rev. B 52, 14632 (1995)
S.N. Rashkeev, W.R.L. Laambrecht, B. Segall: Phys. Rev. B 57, 3905 (1998)
C.G. Duan, J. Li, Z.Q. Gu, D.S. Wang: Phys. Rev. B 59, 369 (1999); J. Li, C.G. Duan, Z.Q. Gu, D.S. Wang: Phys. Rev. B 57, 6925 (1998); C.G. Duan, J. Li, Z.Q. Gu, D.S. Wang: Phys. Rev. B 60, 6435 (1999)
J. Lin, M.H. Lee, Z.P. Liu, C.T. Chen, C.J. Picard: Phys. Rev. B 60, 13380 (1999)
CASTEP 3.5 program developed by Molecular Simulations, Inc., 1997
M.C. Payne, M.P. Teter, D.C. Allan, T.A. Arias, J.D. Joannopoulos: Rev. Mod. Phys. 64, 1045 (1992)
W. Kohn, L.J. Sham: Phys. Rev. 140, A1133 (1965)
P. Hohenberg, W. Kohn: Phys. Rev. 136, B864 (1964)
A.M. Rappe, K.M. Rabe, E. Kaxiras, J.D. Joannopoulos: Phys. Rev. B 41, 1227 (1990)
J.S. Lin, A. Qteish, M.C. Payne, V. Heine: Phys. Rev. B 47, 4174 (1993)
L. Kleinman, D.M. Bylander: Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 1425 (1982)
R.W. Godby, M. Schluter, L.J. Sham: Phys. Rev. B 37, 10159 (1988)
C.S. Wang, B.M. Klein: Phys. Rev. B 24, 3417 (1981); M.S. Hybertsen, S.G. Louie: Phys. Rev. B 34, 5390 (1986)
Z.H. Levine, D.C. Allan: Phys. Rev. B 43, 4187 (1991); J.L.P. Hughes, J.E. Sipe: Phys. Rev. B 53, 10751 (1996)
C.T. Chen, N. Ye, J. Lin, J. Jiang, W.R. Zeng, B.C. Wu: Adv. Mater. 11, 1071 (1999)
Y.N. Xia, C.T. Chen, D.Y. Tang, B.C. Wu: Adv. Mater. 7, 79 (1995)
Z.S. Lin, J. Lin, Z.Z. Wang, Y.C. Wu, N. Ye, C.T. Chen, R.K. Li: J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 13, R369 (2001)
B. Delley, D.E. Ellis: J. Chem. Phys. 76, 1949 (1982)
R.H. French, J.W. Ling, F.S. Ohuchi, C.T. Chen: Phys. Rev. B 44, 8496 (1991)
Z.S. Lin, J. Lin, Z.Z. Wang, C.T. Chen, M.H. Lee: Phys. Rev. B 62, 1757 (2000)
I. Shoji, H. Nakamura, R. Ito, T. Kondo, M. Yoshimura, Y. Mori, T. Sasaki: J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 18, 302 (2001)
Z.S. Lin, Z.Z. Wang, C.T. Chen, K.S. Chen, M.H. Lee: Chem. Phys. Lett. 367, 523 (2003)
Z.S. Lin, Z.Z. Wang, C.T. Chen, K.S. Chen, M.H. Lee: J. Appl. Phys. 93, 9717 (2003)
G.L. Wang, C.Q. Zhang, C.T. Chen, Z.Y. Xu, J.Y. Wang: Chin. Phys. Lett. 20, 243 (2003)
H. Hellwig, L. Liebertz, L. Bohaty: J. Appl. Phys. 88, 240 (2000); Solid State Commun. 109, 249 (1999)
P. Becker, J. Liebertz, L. Bohaty: J. Cryst. Growth 203, 149 (1999)
J. Liebertz: Prog. Cryst. Growth Charact. 6, 361 (1983)
R. Frohlich, L. Bohaty, J. Liebertz: Acta Crystallogr. C: Cryst. Struct. Commun. 40, 343 (1984)
Z.S. Lin, Z.Z. Wang, C.T. Chen, M.H. Lee: J. Appl. Phys. 90, 5585 (2001)
L. Bai, Z.S. Lin, Z.Z. Wang, C.T. Chen, M.H. Lee: J. Chem. Phys. 120, 8772 (2004)
Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany, release 2003)
P. Kastner, R. Hoppe: Naturwissenschaften 61, 79 (1974)
D. Schuldt, R. Hoppe: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 591, 199 (1990)
R. Hoppe, D. Schuldt: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 564, 61 (1988)
D. Schuldt, R. Hoppe: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 578, 119 (1989)
L.A. Harris, H.L. Yakel Jr.: Acta Crystallogr. B 25, 1647 (1969)
L.A. Harris, H.L. Yakel Jr.: Acta Crystallogr. 22, 354 (1967)
M.J. Buerger, V. Venkatakrishnan: Mater. Res. Bull. 7, 1201 (1972)
H. Jones-Bey: Laser Focus World, August, 127 (1998)
C.T. Chen, Z.Y. Xu, D. Deng, J. Zhang, G.L. Wong, B.C. Wu, N. Ye, D.Y. Tang: Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 2930 (1996)
C.Q. Zhang, J.Y. Wang, X.B. Hu, H.D. Jiang, Y.G. Liu, C.T. Chen: J. Cryst. Growth 235, 1 (2002)
VASP (Vienna ab initio simulation package, Nov. 2001)
N. Umemura, M. Ando, K. Suzuki, E. Takaoka, K. Kato, Z.G. Hu, M. Yoshimuro, Y. Mori, T. Sasaki: Appl. Opt. 42, 2716 (2003)
B.C. Wu, D.Y. Tang, N. Ye, C.T. Chen: Opt. Mater. 5, 105 (1996)
C.T. Chen: Laser Focus World, February, 91 (2004)
J.D. Beasley: Appl. Opt. 33, 1000 (1994)
Private communications with Prof. S. Watanabe, the Institute for Solid State Physics, the University of Tokyo, Japan (2003)
Private communication with Dr. Gui-Ling Wang, Institute of Physics, CAS (2002)
J.H. Lu, G.L. Wang, Z.Y. Xu, C.T. Chen, J.Y. Wang, C.Q. Zhang, Y.G. Liu: Chin. Phys. Lett. 19, 680 (2002)
H. Hemmati, J.C. Bergquist, W.M. Itano: Opt. Lett. 8, 73 (1983)
N. Umemura, K. Kato: Appl. Opt. 35, 5332 (1996)
W. Muckenheim, P. Lokai, B. Burghardt, D. Basting: Appl. Phys. B 45, 259 (1988)
T. Kanai, T. Kanda, T. Sekikawa, S. Watanabe, T. Togashi, C.T. Chen, C.Q. Zhang, Z.Y. Xu, J.Y. Wang: J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 21, 370 (2004)
T. Sasaki, Y. Mori, M. Yoshimura: Opt. Mater. 23, 343 (2003)
S. Wu, Y.C. Wu, P.Z. Fu, C.T. Chen: in CLEO’2003, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, CWG7
Y. Kagebayashi, K. Deki, Y. Morimoto, S. Miyazawa, T. Sasaki: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 39, L1224 (2000)
T. Togashi, T. Kanai, T. Sekikawa, S. Watanabe, C.T. Chen, C.Q. Zhang, Z.Y. Xu, J.Y. Wang: Opt. Lett. 28, 254 (2003)
C.T. Chen, J.H. Lu, G.L. Wang, Z.Y. Xu, J.Y. Wang, C.Q. Wang, Y. Liu: Chin. Phys. Lett. 18, 1081 (2001)
C.T. Chen, J.H. Lu, T. Togashi, T. Suganuma, T. Sekikawa, S. Watanabe, Z.Y. Xu, J.Y. Wang: Opt. Lett. 27, 637 (2002)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
PACS
42.65.Ky; 42.70.Mp
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, C., Lin, Z. & Wang, Z. The development of new borate-based UV nonlinear optical crystals. Appl. Phys. B 80, 1–25 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-004-1645-9
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-004-1645-9