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Effects of Hyphomonas Strains on the Growth of Red Algae Pyropia Species by Attaching Specifically to Their Rhizoids

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Abstract

Bacteria and marine macroalgae form close associations, while various bacteria affect the morphogenesis and growth of macroalgae. Hyphomonas strains exhibit normal morphogenetic activity in protoplasts of the red alga Pyropia yezoensis (nori). However, the effects of the bacteria on the growth of Pyropia from protoplast cells to regenerated thalli remain unknown. Here, we assessed the growth of P. yezoensis and Pyropia tenera using combined cultures of three Hyphomonas strains (LNM10-16, SCM-2, and LNM-9) and three algal media (artificial seawater with vitamins, artificial seawater, and natural seawater) over 7 weeks. Third week after culture, the three Hyphomonas strains showed almost similar levels of normal growth activity for both Pyropia species. However, at 7 weeks, significant differences were observed among the three Hyphomonas strains in terms of length, length-to-width ratio, and normal morphology of Pyropia thalli. LNM10-16 significantly promoted the thalli length and length-to-width ratios of both Pyropia species in artificial seawater without vitamins and natural seawater, compared with the other two Hyphomonas strains. P. yezoensis cultured in artificial seawater with vitamins showed a much higher demand for LNM10-16 in development of the thalli length than P. tenera. These results may be explained by differences in the growth activities of Hyphomonas strains and the nutrient requirements of Pyropia species. Furthermore, the bacteria were more specifically attached to the rhizoid surfaces of both species. This study is the first to reveal that Hyphomonas strains affect the growth of Pyropia species by attaching to their rhizoids.

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Data Availability

The 16S rRNA gene sequence data are available in the GenBank under the accession numbers LC765679, AB758565, and AB758567.

Abbreviations

ASW:

Artificial seawater medium without vitamin mixtures

ASW + V:

Artificial seawater medium with vitamin mixtures

NSW:

90% Natural seawater

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Dr. K. Kimura for valuable advice about the observation of fluorescence microscopy. We also thank N. Hatano for assisting with the experiments.

Funding

This work was supported by the project of Global Warming Countermeasures from Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Grant Number JPJ005317).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Minamiise, Japan

    Youhei Fukui

  2. National Fisheries University, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Shimonoseki, Japan

    Mahiko Abe

  3. Fisheries Resources Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yokohama, Japan

    Masahiro Kobayashi

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  1. Youhei Fukui
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  2. Mahiko Abe
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  3. Masahiro Kobayashi
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design, and performed material preparation, data collection, and analysis. Youhei Fukui wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted manuscript.

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Correspondence to Youhei Fukui.

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Fukui, Y., Abe, M. & Kobayashi, M. Effects of Hyphomonas Strains on the Growth of Red Algae Pyropia Species by Attaching Specifically to Their Rhizoids. Microb Ecol 86, 2502–2514 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-023-02257-z

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