Abstract
As part of a program to assess the in-situ weldability and mechanical performance of the candidate high strength low alloy A514 (S690Q) steel as an alternative to the S41500 martensitic stainless steel for hydro-turbines, three aspects of the welds were studied: residual stress, Charpy toughness and cavitation erosion resistance. The experimental set-up involved robotized gas metal arc welding (GMAW), performed on U-groove and double-V weld preparation cut into 50 and 75 mm-thick steel plates. Half of the welds were robotically hammer-peened after each weld layer, except for the root pass. Strain gauges measured longitudinal and transverse strains during welding and hammer-peening. Once the weld cooled down to room temperature, the strain gauges provided the surface residual stress level at their location. Two-dimensional, sub-surface, longitudinal, residual stress distributions were measured on cut sections with the contour method, using an optical profilometer. The results showed that hammer-peening completely eliminates the near-surface tensile welding residual stress on the A514 steel, whereas on the S41500 steel, the process is less useful due to the already beneficial effect of the low temperature martensitic transformation during weld cooling. Furthermore, hammer-peening the last weld layer confines tensile residual stress inside the weld, while inducing compressive stress at the weld surface. Charpy test results showed that the A514 weld presented better toughness than the S41500 weld and comparable cavitation erosion resistance. Finally, hammer-peening showed a beneficial effect on cavitation resistance of the weld surface.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Busque L.W.: Using robot welders to fix tunnel leak at Sainte-Marguerite 3, Hydro Review, 2005, pp. 22–26.
Fihey J.-L., Simoneau R., Lanteigne J., Thibault D., Laroche Y.: Controlled hammer peening on a restrained A514 (S690Q) weldment, High Strength Steels for Hydropower Plants, Graz, Austria, Technische Universitat Graz, 2005.
Debiez S., Gaillard R.: Le martelage des soudures entre passes (Hammer peening of welds between beads), CETIM informations, 1990, vol. 118, pp. 58–60.
Prime M.B.: Cross-sectional mapping of residual stresses by measuring the surface contour after a cut, Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, 2001, vol. 123, pp. 162–168.
Prime M.B., Hill M.R., DeWald A.T., Sebring R.J., Dave V.R., Cola M.J.: Residual stress mapping in welds using the contour method, Trends in welding research, S.A. David, Ed., Pine Mountain, Georgia, ASM International, 2003, pp. 891–896.
Prime M.B., Hughes D.J., Webster P.J.: Weld application of a new method for cross-sectional residual stress mapping, SEM Annual conference on experimental and applied mechanics, Portland, Oregon, ASM, 2001, pp. 608–611.
Hacini L., Van Le N., Bocher P.: Effect of impact energy on residual stresses induced by hammer peening of 304L plates, J. Mater. Process Tech., 2008, vol. 208, no. 1–3, pp. 542–548.
Simoneau R.: Vibratory, jet and hydroturbine cavitation erosion, The First ASME-JSME Fluids Engineering Conference, Portland, Oregon, USA, ASME, 1991, pp. 211–218.
Simoneau R., Bourdon P.: Erosion and impact intensity of vibratory, jet and turbine cavitation, 16th IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery, Sao Paolo, Brazil, IAHR, 1992.
Thibault D., Thomas M., Bocher P.: Residual stress and microstructure in welds of 13%Cr- 4%Ni martensitic stainless steel, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2009, vol. 209, no. 4, pp. 2195–2202.
Zenitani S., Hayakawa N., Yamamoto J., Hiraoka K., Morikage Y., Kubo T., Yasuda Y., Amano K.: Development of new low transformation temperature welding consumable to prevent cold cracking in high strength steel welds, Quarterly Journal of the Japan Welding Society, 2005, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 95–102.
Mabelly Ph., Bourges Ph., Pont G.: Effect of metallurgical transformations on weld residual stresses — application to E690 steel grade, Marine Structures, 2001, vol. 14, pp. 553–567.
Ohta A., Watanabe O., Matsuoka K., Maeda Y., Suzuki N., Kubo T.: Fatigue strength improvement of box welds by low transformation temperature welding wire and PWHT, Doc. IIW-1480-89 (ex-doc XIII-1758–99), Welding in the World, 2000, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 52–56.
Martinez F., Liu S., Edwards G.: The development of a compressive residual stress around a structural steel weld by means of phase transformations, Joining of advanced and specialty materials, Columbus, Ohio, ASM International, 2004.
Thiruvengadam A.: Handbook of Cavitation Erosion, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, USA, AD-787 073, 1974.
Simoneau R., Lambert P., Simoneau M., Dickson J.I., L’espérance G.: Cavitation erosion and deformation mechanisms of Ni and Co austenitic stainless steels, Seven International Conference on Erosion by Liquid and Solid Impact, ELSI VII, Cambridge, UK, University of Cambridge, 1987.
Woodford D.A.: Cavitation-erosion-induced phase transformation in alloys, Metallurgical Transactions, 1972, vol. 3, no. May, pp. 1137–1145.
Heathcock C.J., Protheroe B.E.: Cavitation Erosion of Stainless steel, Wear, 1982, vol. 81, pp. 311–327.
Hammitt F.G.: Cavitation and multiphase flow phenomena, New York, USA, McGraw-Hill, 1980.
Syamala Rao B.C., Veerabhadra Rao P., Lashmana Rao N.S.: Evaluation of erosion resistance of metallic materials and the role of material properties in correlations, Journal of testing and evaluation, 1979, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 133–146.
Richman R.H., McNaughton W.P.: Correlation of cavitation erosion behavior with mechanical properties of metals, Wear, 1990, vol. 140, pp. 63–82.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Simoneau, R., Thibault, D. & Fihey, JL. A Comparison of Residual Stress in Hammer-Peened, Multi-Pass Steel Welds–A514 (S690Q) and S41500. Weld World 53, R124–R134 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03266717
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03266717
IIW-Thesaurus keywords
- Arc welding
- Cavitation damage
- Erosion
- Gas shielded arc welding
- GMA welding
- Hardness tests
- High strength steels
- Martensitic stainless steels
- Measuring instruments
- Mechanical properties
- Mechanical tests
- Notch toughness
- Reference lists
- Residual stresses
- Stainless steels
- Steels
- Strain gauges
- Stress distribution
- Toughness
- Transformation
- Turbines
- Water turbines
- Wear