Abstract
We have cloned and characterized one of the genes that encode phenylalanine ammonia-lyase fromArabidopsis thaliana. A 1.8-kb fragment containing the upstream region of this gene,PALI, was transcriptionally fused to the ß-glucuronidase reporter gene, and the construct was introduced into tobacco byAgrobacterium-mediated leaf disc transformation. The distribution of ß-glucuronidase activity in the transgenic plants was analysed histochemically. The spatial pattern of activity showed that thePALI promoter is very active in the vascular tissues. No expression was observed in epidermal cells, trichomes and apical meristems. Activation of thePALI promoter in the early stages of seedling development remained confined to the regions adjacent to the root apical meristems; in later stages of seedling development, the pattern of expression was drastically altered. The results suggest that thePALI promoter is under the control of a complex set of signal transduction pathways which lead to its activation in response to tissue-specific, wounding and developmental cues.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Ausubel F. M., Brent R., Kingston R. E., Moore D. D., Seidman J. G., Smith J. A. and Struhl K, 1987Current protocols in molecular biology (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic) vol, 1
Bevan M., Shufflebottom D., Jefferson R. and Schuch W. 1989 Cell and tissue-specific expression of phenylanine ammonia lyase promoter in transgenic plants.EMBO J. 8: 1899–1906
Bolwell G. P., Bell J. N., Cramer C. L., Schuch W., Lamb C. J. and Dixon R. A. 1985 L-Phenylalanine ammonia lyase fromPhaseolus vulgaris: Characterization and differential induction of multiple forms from elicitor treated cell suspension cultures.Eur. J. Biochem. 149: 411–419
Bradford M. M. 1976 A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of protein utilizing the principles of protein-dye binding.Anal Biochem. 72: 248–254
Choudhary A. D., Kessmann H., Lamb C. J and Dixon R. A. 1990 Stress responses in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Expression of defense gene constructs in electroporated suspension cell protoplasts.Plant Cell Rep. 9: 42–46
Cramer L. C, Edwards K., Dron M., Liang X., Dildine S. L., Bolwell G. P., Dixon R. A., Lamb C. J. and Schuch W. 1989 Phenylalanine ammonia lyase gene organization and structure.Plant Mol. Biol. 12: 367–383
Cramer L. C, Ryder T. B., Bell J. N. and Lamb C. J. 1985 Rapid switching of plant gene expression by fungal elicitor.Science 227: 1240–1243
Downie J. A. and Johnston A. W. B. 1986 Nodulation of legumes byRhizobium: The recognized root.Cell 47: 153–154
Dron M., Clouse D. S., Dixon R. A., Lawton M. A. and Lamb C. J. 1988 Glutathione and fungal elicitor regulation of a plant defense gene promoter in electroporated protoplasts.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 738–742
Feinberg A. P. and Vogelstein B. 1983 A technique for radiolabelling DNA restriction fragments to high specific activity.Anal. Biochem. 132: 6–13
Gelvin S. B., Schilperoort R. A. and Verma D. P. S. 1990Plant molecular biology manual (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic)
Hahlbrock K. and Scheel D. 1989 Physiology and molecular biology of phenylpropanoid metabolism.Anna. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 40: 347–369
Harrison M. J. and Dixon R. A. 1994 Spatial patterns of expression of flavonoid/isoflavonoid pathway genes during interaction between roots ofMedicago truncatula and the mycorrhizal fungusGlomus versiforme.Plant J. 6: 9–20
Hashimoto T., Yamada T., Akiko T., Kawamata S., Yoshikaza T., Sriprasertsak P., Ichinose Y., Kato H., Izutsu S., Shiraishi T., Oku H. and Ohtsuki Y. 1992 Transient expression in electroporated pea protoplasts: elicitor responsiveness of a phenylalanine ammonia lyase promoter.Plant Cell Rep. 11: 183–187
Howles P. A., Arioli T. and Weinman J. J. 1994 Characterization of a phenylalanine ammonia lyase multigene family inTrifolium subterraneum.Gene 138: 87–92
Jahnen W. and Hahlbrock K. 1988 Differential regulation and tissue-specific distribution of enzymes of phenylpropanoid pathways in developing parsley seedlings.Planta 173: 453–458
Jefferson R. A. 1987 Assaying chimeric genes in plants: the GUS gene fusion system.Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 5: 387–405
Jefferson R. A., Kavanagh T. A. and Bevan M. W. 1987 GUS fusions: ß-glucuronidase as a sensitive and versatile gene fusion marker in higher plants.EMBO J. 6: 3901–3907
Jones D. H. 1984 Phenylalanine ammonia lyase: regulation of its induction and its role in plant development.Phytochemistry 23: 1349–1359
Jones J. D., Weller S. C. and Goldsbrough P. B. 1994 Selection for kanamycin resistance in transformed petunia cells leads to the co-amplification of a linked gene.Plant Mol. Bial. 24: 505–514
Lawton M. J. and Lamb C. J. 1987 Transcriptional activation of plant defense genes by fungal elicitor, wounding and infection.Mol. Cell Biol. 7: 335–341
Lee S. W., Robb J. and Nazar R. N. 1992 Truncated phenylalanine ammonia lyase expression in tomato (Lycapersicon esculentum).J. Biol. Chem. 267: 11824–1130
Leyva A., Liang X., Pinto-Toro J. A., Dixon R. A. and Lamb C. J. 1992Cis-element combinations determine phenylalanine ammonia lyase gene tissue specific expression patterns.Plant Cell 4: 263–271
Liang X., Dron M., Cramer C. L., Dixon R. A. and Lamb C. J. 1989a Differential regulation of phenylalanine ammonia lyase during plant development and environmental cues.J. Biol. Chem. 267: 14486–14492
Liang X., Dron M., Schmid J., Dixon R. A. and Lamb C. J. 1989b Developmental and environmental regulation of a phenylalanine ammonia lyase-β-glucuronidase gene fusion in transgenic plants.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 9284–9288
Lindsey K. 1992Plant tissue culture manual: fundamentals and application (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic) suppl. 1
Lois R., Dietrich A., Hahlbrock K. and Schulz W. 1989 A phenylalanine ammonia lyase gene from parsley: structure, regulation and identification of elicitor and light responsive cis-elements.EMBO. J. 8: 1641–1648
Loschke D. C. and Hadwiger L. A. 1981 Effects of light and ofFusariutn solanii on synthesis and activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase in peas.Plant Physiol. 68: 680–685
Minami E. I., Ozeki Y., Matsuoka M., Kaz N. and Tanaka Y. 1989 Structure and some characterization of the gene for phenylalanine ammonia lyase from rice plants.Eur. J. Biochem. 185: 19–25
Ohl S., Hedrick S. A., Chory J. and Lamb C. J. 1990 Functional properties of a phenylalanine ammonia lyase promoter fromArabidopsis.Plant Cell 2: 837–848
Rigby P. W. J., Dieckmann C., Rhodes C. and Berg P. 1977 Labelling deoxyribonucleic acid to high specific activityin vitro by nick translation with DNA pol I.J. Mol. Biol. 113: 237–251
Sambrook T., Fritsch E. F. and Maniatis J. 1989Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual (Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press)
Sanger F., Nicklen S. and Coulson A. R. 1977 DNA sequencing with chain terminating inhibitors.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 5463–5467
Schmelzer E., Kruger-Lebus S. and Hahlbrock K. 1989 Temporal and spatial patterns of gene expression around site of attempted fungal infection in parsley leaves.Plant Cell 1: 993–1001
Shufflebottom D., Edwards K., Schuch W. and Bevan M. 1993 Transcription of two members of a gene family encoding phenylalanine ammonia lyase leads to remarkably different cell specificities and induction patterns.Plant J. 3: 835–845
Stachel S. E. and Zambryski P. C. 1986Agrobacterium tumefaciens and the susceptible plant cell: A novel adaptation of extracellular recognition and DNA conjugation.Cell 47: 155–157
Thungapathra M. 1990Cloning and characterization of phenylalanine ammonia lyase gene of Arabidopsis thaliana. Ph.D. thesis, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
Wanner L. A., Li G., Ware D., Somssich I. E. and Davis K.R. 1995 The phenylalanine ammonia lyase gene family inArabidopsis thaliana.Plant Mol. Biol. 27: 327–338
Ward E. R., Ulknes S. J., Williams S. C, Dincher S. S., Wiederhold D. L., Alexander D. C, Ahl-Goy P., Metraux J. and Ryals J. A. 1991 Coordinate gene activity in response to agents that induce systemic acquired resistance.Plant Cell 3: 1085–1094.
Yamada T., Tanaka Y., Sriprasertsak P., Kato H., Hashimoto T., Kawamata S., Ichinose Y., Kato H., Shiraishi T. and Oku H. 1992 Phenylalanine ammonia lyase gene fromPisum sativum: Structure, organ specific expression and regulation by fungal elicitor and suppressor.Plant Cell Physiol. 33: 715–725
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Prasad, S.V.N., Thungapathra, M., Mohindra, V. et al. Expression patterns of anArabidopsis phenylalanine ammonia-lyase promoter in transgenic tobacco. J. Genet. 74, 111–126 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02932197
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02932197