Abstract
Although cardiac tumors are relatively rare, their diagnosis is important because successful treatment is usually feasible if the diagnosis is made preoperatively. An analysis of 219 reports of cardiac tumors described in the English literature from 1972 through 1977 demonstrated the predominance of benign tumors, in particular myxoma, which is in agreement with past reviews. The methods of diagnosis employed included plain chest films, echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, angiocardiography, and cardiac scintigraphy. Conventional x-ray examination of the chest was abnormal in 83% of cardiac tumors but non-specific and should lead to further evaluation, first by echocardiography. Echocardiography, the most efficient diagnostic procedure for screening possible cardiac tumors, was abnormal in 94% of the cases. Cardiac catheterization was abnormal in 80% of cardiac tumors while definitive detection was made by angiocardiography in 94% of the cases. Cardiac scintigraphy has had limited use in the diagnosis of cardiac tumors, but has been diagnostic in 100% of the cases in a small series of myxomas.
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Cardiac Tumors in Children
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Extracardiac Tumors Extending into the Heart
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Olds, J., Langley, J., III, Black, W., Lueker, R.D.: Mitral valve obstruction and pulmonary congestion due to malignant mesothelioma. Arch. Intern. Med. 134:142–144, 1974
Onuigbo, W.I.B.: Direct extension of cancer between pulmonary veins and the left atrium. Chest 62:444–446, 1972
Paul, J.G., Rhodes, D.B., Skow, J.R.: Renal cell carcinoma presenting as right atrial tumor with successful removal using cardio-pulmonary bypass. Ann. Surg 181:471–473, 1975
Cardiac Metastases
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Ports, T.A., Schiller, N.B., Strunk, B.L.: Echocardiography of right ventricular tumors. Circulation 56:439–447, 1977
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Wiernik, P.H., Sutherland, J.C., Stechmiller, B.K., Wolff, J.: Clinically significant cardiac infiltration in acute leukemia, lymphocytic lymphoma, and plasma cell myeloma. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 2:75–85, 1976
Echocardiography in Cardiac Tumors
Abdulla, A.M., Stefadouros, M.A., Mucha, E., Moore, H.V., O'Malley, G.A.: Left atrial myxoma: Echocardiographic diagnosis and determination of size. JAMA 238:510–511, 1977
Allen, H.D., Blieden, L.C., Stone, F.M., Bessinger, F.B., Jr., Lucas, R.V., Jr.: Echocardiographic demonstration of right ventricular tumor in a neonate. J. Pediatr. 84:854–886, 1974
Aryanpur, I., Nazarian, I., Razmara, M., Sheikh, M.A., Khonsari, S.: Calcified right ventricular fibroma causing outflow obstruction. Am. J. Dis. Child. 130:1265–1267, 1976
Bass, N.M., Sharratt, G.P.: Left atrial myxoma diagnosed by echocardiography, with observations on tumour movement. Br. Heart J. 35:1332–1335, 1973
Bearman, R.M.: Primary leiomyosarcoma of the heart: Report of a case and review of the literature. Arch. Path. 98:62–65, 1974
Boland, T.W., Winga, E.R., Kalfayan, B.: Chondrosarcoma: A case report with left atrial involvement and systemic embolization. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 74:268–272, 1977
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Damásio, H., Seabra-Gomes, R., da Silva, J.P., Damásio, A.R., Antunes, J.L.: Multiple cerebral aneurysms and cardiac myxoma. Arch. Neurol. 32:269–270, 1975
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Farooki, Z.Q., Adelman, S., Green, E.W.: Echocardiographic differentiation of a cystic and a solid tumor of the heart. Am. J. Cardiol. 39:107–111, 1977
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Goldschlager, A., Popper, R., Goldschlager, N., Gerbode, F., Prozan, G.: Right atrial myxoma with right to left shunt and polycythemia presenting as congenital heart disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 30:82–86, 1972
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Gustafson, A., Edler, I., Dahbäck, O., Kaude, J., Persson, S.: Left atrial myxoma diagnosed by ultrasound cardiography. Angiology 24:554–562, 1973
Harbold, N.B., Gau, G.T.: Echocardiographic diagnosis of right atrial myxoma. Mayo Clin. Proc. 48:284–286, 1973
Kerber, R.E., Fieselmann, J., Mischler, N.: Inferior cava tumor thrombus extending into the right atrium and mimicing right atrial myxoma: Angiographic differentiation. Am. Heart J. 98:506–509, 1977
Kleid, J., Klugman, J., Haas, J., Battock, D.: Familial atrial myxoma. Am. J. Cardiol. 32:361–364, 1973
Levisman, J.A., MacAlpin, R.N., Abbasi, A.S., Ellis, N., Eber, L.M.: Echocardiographic diagnosis of a mobile, pedunculated tumor in the left ventricular cavity. Am. J. Cardiol. 36:957–959, 1975
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Martinez, E.C., Giles, T.D., Burch, G.E.: Echocardiographic diagnosis of left atrial myxoma. Am. J. Cardiol. 33:281–285, 1975
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Morgan, D.L., Palazola, J., Reed, W., Bell, H.H., Kindred, L.H., Beauchamp, G.D.: Left heart myxomas. Am. J. Cardiol. 40:611–614, 1977
Moulton, A.L., Jaretzki, A., III, Bowman, F.O., Jr., Silverstein, E.F., Bregman, D.: Massive lipoma of heart. NY State J. Med. 76:1820–1825, 1976
Nanda, N.C., Barold, S.S., Gramiak, R., Ong, L.S., Heinle, R.A.: Echocardiographic features of right ventricular outflow tumor prolapsing into the pulmonary artery. Am. J. Cardiol. 40:272–276, 1977
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Nicholson, K.G., Prior, A.L., Norman, A.G., Naik, D.R., Kennedy, A., Hague, R.V., Cullen, D.R.: Bilateral atrial myxomas diagnosed preoperatively and successfully removed. Br. Med. J. 6084:440, 1977
Ports, T.A., Schiller, N.B., Strunk, B.L.: Echocardiography of right ventricular tumors. Circulation 56:439–447, 1977
Ports, T.A., Cogan, J., Schiller, N.B., Rapaport, E.: Echocardiography of left ventricular masses. Circulation 58:528, 1978
Sanoudos, G., Reed, G.E.: Primary cardiac sarcoma. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 63:482–485, 1972
Schattenberg, T., Tajik, A.J., Gau, G.T.: Echocardiogram in left atrial myxoma. Chest 63:423–424, 1973
Sinha, S.N., Hoeschen, R.J., Miller, A.: Diagnosis of left atrial myxoma by echocardiography. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 108:332–334, 1973
Spencer, W., III, Peter, R.H., Orgain, E.S.: Detection of a left atrial myxoma by echocardiography. Arch. Intern. Med. 128:787–789, 1971
Srivastava, T.N., Fletcher, E.: The echocardiogram in left atrial myxoma. Am. J. Med. 54:136–139, 1973
Tajik, A.J., Seward, J.B., Hagler, D.J., Mair, D.D., Lie, J.T.: Two-dimensional real-time ultrasonic imaging of the heart and great vessels. Technique, image orientation, structure identification, and validation. Mayo Clin. Proc. 53:271–303, 1978
Torstveit, J., Bennett, W.A., Hinchcliffe, W.A., Cornell, W.P.: Primary plasmacytoma of the atrium. Report of a case with successful surgical management. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 74:563–566, 1977
Waxler, E.B., Kawai, N., Kasparian, H.: Right atrial myxoma: Echocardiographic, phonocardiographic, and hemodynamic signs. Am. Heart J. 83:251–257, 1972
Wolfe, S., Popp, R.L.: Diagnosis of atrial tumors by ultrasound. Circulation 39:615–622, 1969
Yabek, S.M., Isabel-Jones, J., Gyepes, M.T., Jarmakani, J.M.: Cardiac fibroma in a neonate presenting with severe congestive heart failure. J. Pediatr. 91:310–311, 1977
Radionuclides in Cardiac Tumors
Damásio, H., Seabra-Gomes, R., da Silva, J.P., Damásio, A.R., Antunes, J.L.: Multiple cerebral aneurysms and cardiac myxoma. Arch. Neurol. 32:269–270, 1975
DeLand, F.H., Felman, A.H.: Pericardial tumor compared with pericardial effusion. J. Nucl. Med. 13:697–698, 1972
Harford, W., Weinberg, M.N., Buja, L.M., Parkey, R.W., Bonte, F.J., Willerson, J.T.: Positive99mTc-stannous pyrophosphate myocardial image in a patient with carcinoma of the lung. Radiology 122:747–748, 1977
Meyers, S.N., Shapiro, J.E., Barresi, V., DeBoer, A.A., Pavel, D.I., Gracey, D.R., Suhre, D.E., Buehler, J.H.: Right atrial myxoma with right to left shunting and mitral valve prolapse. Am. J. Med. 62:308–314, 1977
Pohost, G.M., Pastore, J.O., McKusick, K.A., Chiotellis, P.N., Kapellakis, G.Z., Myers, G.S., Dinsmore, R.E., Block, P.C.: Detection of left atrial myxoma by gated radionuclide cardiac imaging. Circulation 55:88–92, 1977
Scully, R.E., Galdabini, J.J., McNeely, B.U.: Case 14-1987 Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly Clinicopathological Exercises. N. Engl. J. Med. 298:834–842, 1978
Zaret, B.L., Hurley, P.J., Pitt, B.: Non-invasive scintiphotographic diagnosis of left atrial myxoma. J. Nucl. Med. 13:81–84, 1972
Cardiac Tumor Vascularity
Berman, N.D., McLaughlin, P.R., Bigelow, W.G., Morch, J.E.: Angiographic demonstration of blood supply of right atrial myxoma. Br. Heart J. 38:764–766, 1976
Besterman, E., Bromley, L.L., Peart, W.S.: An intrapericardial phaeochromocytoma. Br. Heart J. 36:318–320, 1974
Moulton, A.L., Jaretzki, A., III, Bowman, F.O., Jr.: Silverstein, E.F., Bregman, D.: Massive lipoma of heart. NY State J. Med. 76:1820–1825, 1976
Soulen, R.L., Grollman, J.H., Jr., Paglia, D., Kreulen, T.: Coronary neovascularity and fistula formation. A sign of mural thrombus. Circulation 56:663–666, 1977
Standen, J.R.: “Tumor vascularity” in left atrial thrombus demonstrated by selective coronary arteriography. Radiology 116:549–550, 1975
Stroobandt, R., Piessens, J., De Geest, H.: Arterial blood supply to a left atrial myxoma diagnosed by coronary arteriography. Eur. J. Cardiol. 5:477–480, 1977
Sulayman, R., Cassels, D.E.: Myocardial coronary hemangiomatous tumors in children. Chest 68:113–115, 1975
Thomsen, J.H., Corliss, R.J., Sellers, R.D., Mooring, P.K., Wilson, W.J.: Left ventricular intramural fiborma. Am. J. Cardiol. 28:726–730, 1971
Calcified Cardiac Tumors
Aryanpur, I., Nazarian, I., Razmara, M., Sheikh, M.A., Khonsari, S.: Calcified right ventricular fibroma causing outflow obstruction. Am. J. Dis. Child. 130:1265–1267, 1976
Fleming, H.A., Stovin, P.G.I.: Calcified right atrial mass: Report of a case and discussion of the differential diagnosis. Thorax 27:373–381, 1972
Freundlich, I.M., Lind, T.A.: Calcification of the heart and great vessels. CRC Crit. Rev. Clin. Radiol. Nucl. Med. 6:171–216, 1975
Garcia, J., Cox, J.N.: Tricuspid and right ventricular infundibular obstruction associated with calcified right ventricular pseudo-tumour. Radiol. Clin. (Basel) 46:237–247, 1977
Laws, J.W., Annes, G.P., Bogren, H.G.: Primary malignant tumors of the heart. Cal. Med. 118:11–17, 1973
Reul, G.J., Howell, J.F., Rubio, P.A., Peterson, P.K.: Successful partial excision of an intramural fibroma of the left ventricle. Am. J. Cardiol. 36:262–265, 1975
Soler-Soler, J., Romero-Gonzalez, R.: Calcified intramural fibroma of the left ventricle. Eur. J. Cardiol. 3:71–73, 1975
Waaler, P.E., Svendsen, S., Halvorsen, J.F.: Intramural calcified fibroma of the heart. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 61:217–222 1971
Differential Diagnosis in Cardiac Tumors
Broadbent, J.C., Tajik, A.J., Wallace, R.B.: Thrombus of inferior vena cava presenting as right atrial tumor: Roentgenographic, phonoechocardiographic, angiographic, and surgical findings. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 72:422–426, 1976
Farooki, Z.Q., Adelman, S., Green, E.W.: Echocardiographic differentiation of a cystic and a solid tumor of the heart. Am. J. Cardiol. 39:107–111, 1977
Hougen, T.J., Mulder, D.G., Gyepes, M.T., Moss, A.J.: Aneurysm of the left atrium. Am. J. Cardiol. 33:557–561, 1974
Sketch, M.H., Mohiuddin, S.M., Farrales, F.B.: Left ventricular intracavitary mass—an unusual case. Nebr. Med. J. 69:338–341, 1974
Technique
Mason, J.W.: Techniques for right and left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy. Am. J. Cardiol. 41:887–892, 1978
Olsen, E.G.J.: Results of endomyocardial biopsy—histological, histochemical and ultrastructural analysis. Postgrad. Med. J. 51:295–297, 1975
Rausch, J.M., Reinke, R.T., Peterson, K.L., Higgins, C.B.: Abnormal left ventricular catheter motion: An ancillary angiographic sign of left atrial myxoma. Am. J. Roentgenol. 126:1155–1158, 1976
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Bogren, H.G., DeMaria, A.N. & Mason, D.T. Imaging procedures in the detection of cardiac tumors, with emphasis on echocardiography: A review. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 3, 107–125 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02552329
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02552329