Abstract
In the present study plate-impact pressureshear experiments have been conducted to study the dynamic shearing resistance of molten metal films at shearing rates of approximately 107 s−1. These molten films are generated by pressure-shear impact of relatively low melt-point metals such as 7075-T6 Al alloy with high hardness and high flow-strength tool-steel plates. By employing high impact speeds and relatively smooth impacting surfaces, normal interfacial pressures ranging from 1–3 GPa and slip speeds of over 100 m/s are generated during the pressure-shear loading. The resulting friction stress (∼100 to 400 MPa) combined with the high slip speeds generate conditions conductive to interfacial temperatures approaching the fully melt temperature regime of the lower melt-point metal (7075-T6 aluminum alloy) comprising the tribo-pair.
During pressure-shear loading, laser interferometry is employed to measure normal and transverse motion at the rear surface of the target plate. The normal component of the particle velocity provides the interfacial normal traction while the transverse component provides the shearing resistance of the interface as it passes through melt. In order to extract the critical interfacial parameters, such as the interfacial slip-speed and interfacial temperatures, a Lagrangian finiteelement code is developed. The computational procedure accounts for dynamic effects, heat conduction, contact with friction, and full thermo-mechanical coupling. At temperatures below melt the flyer and target materials are described as an isotropic thermally softening elastic-viscoplastic solid. For material elements with temperatures in excess of the melt point, a purely Newtonian fluid constitutive model is employed. The results of this hybrid experimental-computational study provide insights into the dynamic shearing resistance of molten metal films at high pressures and extremely high shearing rates.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Giovanola, J., Proceedings on Impact Loading and Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Bremen, Federal Republic of Germany (1987).
Marchand, A. andDuffy, J., “An Experimental Study of the Formation Process of Adiabatic Shear-bands in a Structural Steel,”Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids,36 (3),251–283 (1988).
Zhender, A.T. andRosakis, A.J., “On the Temperature Distribution in the Vicinity of Dynamically Propagating Cracks in 4340VAR Steel: Experimental Measurements Using High Speed Infra-red Detectors”Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids,39,385–415 (1991).
Zhou, M., Ravichandran, G., andRosakis, A.J., “Dynamically Propagating Shear Bands in Impact-loaded Prenotched Plates-I: Experimental Investigations of Temperature Signatures and Propagation Speeds,”Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids,44 (6)981–1006 (1996).
kolsky, H., “An Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Materials at Very High Rates of Loading,”Proceedings Physical Society of London, B-62,676–700 (1949).
Lindholm, U.S., “Some Experiments with the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar,”Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids,12,317–335 (1964).
Green, S.J., Maiden, C.J., Babcock, S.G., and Schierloh, F.L., “The High Strain-rate Behavior of Face Centered Cubic Metals,” Proceedings of the 4th Batelle Memorial Institute Materials Science, Colloquin on Inelastic Behavior of Solids 1969, pp. 521–542 (1970).
Duffy, J., Cambell, J.D., andHawley, R.H., “On the Use of a Torsional Split Hopkinson Bar to Study Rate Effects in 1100-0 Aluminum,”Journal of Applied Mechanics,38,83–91 (1971).
Harding, J., Wood, E.D., andCambell, J.D., “Tensile Testing of Materials at Impact Rates of Strain,”Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science,2,88–96 (1960).
Hauser, E.E., “Techniques for Measuring Stress-strain Relations at High Strain-rates,” EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS,6,395–402 (1966).
Lindholm, U.S. andYeakley, L.M., “High Strain-rate Testing: Tension and Compression,” EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS,8,1–9 (1968).
Nicholas, T., “Tensile Testing of Materials at High Strain Rates of Strain,” EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS,21,177–185 (1980).
Li, C.H., A Pressure-shear Experiment for Studying the Dynamic Response of Metals at Shear Rates of 10 5 /s,Providence, RI,Brown University (1982).
Clifton, R.J. andKlopp, R.W. “Pressure Shear Plate Impact Testing,”Metals Handbook: Mechanical Testing, ASM, Metals Park, OH, Vol. 8, pp. 230–239 (1985).
Frutschy, K.J. andClifton, R.J., “High-temperature Pressure-shear Plate Impact Experiments on OFHC Copper,”Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids,46 (10),1723–1743 (1998).
Assay, J.R. andHayes, D.B,, “Shock Compression and Release Behavior Near Melt States in Aluminum,”Journal of Applied Physics,46 (11),4789–4800 (1975).
Schmidt, R.M., Davies, F.W., Lempriere, B.M., andHolsapple, K.A., “Temperature Dependent Spall Threshold of Four Metal Alloys,”Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids,39 (4),375–385 (1978).
Holsapple, K.A. andSchmidt, R.M., “Theory and Experiments on Rapid Melting of Metals Including Alloy Effects,”Journal of Applied Physics,49 (11)5493–5501 (1978).
Schmidt, R.M., “A Viscoelastic Wave Propagation Model for Tungsten at Near-melt Conditions (3000K),”Journal of Applied Physics,50 (4),2600–2606 (1979).
Mineev, V.N. andMineev, A.V., “Viscosity of Metals Under Shockloaded Conditions,”Journal De Physique IV,7 (Colloque C3),583–585 (1997).
Irfan, M.A. and Prakash, V., Contact Temperatures During Sliding in Pressure Shear Impact. Proceedings, Society of Experimental Mechanics Conference, Bethel, CT, SEM, 173–182 (1994).
Irfan, M.A. andPrakash, V., “Time Resolved Friction During Dry Sliding of Metal on Metal,”International Journal of Solids and Structures,37,2859–2882 (2000).
Liou, N.-S., Okada, M., and Prakash, V., Time Resolved Sliding of Metal-on-metal at Elevated Temperatures. A. Jennings. Proceedings of the Great Lakes Civil Engineering Graduate Student Research Symposium, Cleveland, Case Western Researve University, 98–137 (2000).
Prakash, V., “A Pressure-shear Plate Impact Experiment for Investigating Transient Friction,” EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS,35 (4),329–336 (1995).
Rajagopalan, S., Irfan, M.A., Prakash, V., “Novel Experimental Techniques for Investigating Time Resolved High Speed Friction,”Wear,225-229,1222–1237 (1999).
Kim, K.S., Clifton, R.J., andKumar, P., “A Combined Normal and Transverse Displacement Interferometer with an Application to Impact of Y-cut Quartz,”Journal of Applied Physics,48,4132–4139 (1977).
Prakash, V., “Time-resolved Friction with Applications to High Speed Machining: Experimental Observations”Tribology Transactions,41 (2),189–198 (1998).
Barker, L.M. andHollenbach, R.E., “Shock-wave Studies of PMMA, Fused Silica, and Sapphire,”Journal of Applied Physics,41 (10),4208–4225 (1970).
Carslaw H.S. andJaeger, J.C., “Conduction of Heat in Solids,”2nd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford (1986).
Kobayashi, S., Oh, S.I., andAltan, T., Metal Forming and Finite Element Method, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1989).
Clifton, R.J., “High Strain Rate Behavior of Metals,”Applied Mechanics Reviews,43 (5,Part II),S9-S22 (1990).
Campbell, J.D. andFerguson, W.G., “The Temperature and Strain Rate Dependence of the Shear Strength of Mild Steel,”Philosophical Magazine,21,63–82 (1974).
Klopp, R.W., Clifton, R.J., andShawki, T.G., “Pressure-shear Plate Impact and Dynamic Viscoplastic Response of Metals,”Mechanics of Materials,4 (3–4),375–385 (1985).
Rule, W.K. andJones, S.E., “A Revised Form for the Johnson-Cook Strength Model,”International Journal of Impact Engineering,21 (8),609–624 (1998).
Zhou, M., Ravichandran, G., andRosakis, A.J., “Dynamically Propagating Shear Bands in Impact-loaded Prenotched Plates-II. Numerical Simulations,”Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids,44 (6),1007–1032 (1996).
Nagtegaal, J.D. andDeJong, J.E., “Some Computational Aspects of Elastic-plastic Large Strain Analysis,”International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering,17,15–41 (1981).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Okada, M., Liou, NS. & Prakash, V. Dynamic shearing resistance of molten metal films under high pressures and extremely high shearing rates. Experimental Mechanics 42, 161–171 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02410878
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02410878