Summary
Systematic relationship among the 12 species of theDrosophila virilis species group, andDrosophila robusta, were investigated by the use of two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). A total of 389 protein characters (about 200 loci) were scored and analyzed both phylogenetically and phenetically. The resulting phylogeny was found to be largely concordant with the current views of evolution among these species based on other independent morphological, chromosomal, electrophoretic, and immunological data sets, although some notable differences were observed. The 2-DE data also appeared to be useful for constructing a molecular clock to date the absolute times of divergence among the species. It appears from this analysis that the evolution of the major clades within the species group occurred about 20 million years ago. Previous suggestions that the rate of molecular evolution was different between the virilis and montana phylads was not confirmed. The technique of 2-DE seems to be an excellent tool for reconstructing phylogenies and should be particularly valuable for examining relatively closely related species.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Anderson NG, Anderson NL (1978a) Analytical techniques for cell fractions. XXI. Two-dimensional analysis of serum and tissue proteins: multiple isoelectric focusing. Anal Biochem 85:331–340
Anderson NL (1988) Two-dimensional electrophoresis. Operation of the ISO-DALT system. Large Scale Biology Press, Washington DC, p 162
Anderson NL, Anderson NG (1978b) Analytical techniques for cell fractions. XXII. Two-dimensional analysis of serum and tissue proteins: multiple gradient-slab electrophoresis. Anal Biochem 85:341–354
Aquadro CF, Avise JC (1981) Genetic divergence between rodent species assessed by using two-dimensional electrophoresis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:3784–3788
Avise JC (1983) Protein variation and phylogenetic reconstruction. In: Oxford GS, Rollinson D (eds) Protein polymorphism: adaptive and taxonomic significance. Academic Press, London, pp 103–130
Avise JC (1985) Systematic value of electrophoretic data. Syst Zool 23:465–481
Ayala FJ (1986) On the virtues and pitfalls of the molecular evolutionary clock. J Hered 77:226–235
Baverstock PR, Cole SR, Richardson BJ, Watts CHS (1979) Electrophoresis and cladistics. Syst Zool 28:214–219
Beverley SM, Wilson AC (1982) Molecular evolution inDrosophila and the higher Diptera. I. Micro-complement fixation studies of a larval hemolymph protein. J Mol Evol 18:251–264
Beverley SM, Wilson AC (1984) Molecular evolution inDrosophila and the higher Diptera. I. A time scale for fly evolution. J Mol Evol 21:1–13
Coyne JA, Orr HA (1989) Patterns of speciation inDrosophila. Evolution 43:362–381
DeSalle R, Freedman T, Prager EM, Wilson AC (1987) Tempo and mode of sequence evolution in mitochondrial DNA of HawaiianDrosophila. J Mol Evol 26:157–164
Felsenstein J (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39:783–791
Goldman D, Giri PR, O'Brien SJ (1987) The phylogeny of the hominoid primates as indicated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:3307–3311
Goldman D, Giri PR, O'Brien SJ (1989) Molecular genetic-distance estimates among the Ursidae as indicated by one- and two-dimensional protein electrophoresis. Evolution 43: 282–295
Grimaldi DA (1990) A phylogenetic, revised classfication of genera in the Drosophilidae (Diptera). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 197:1–139
Guevara J, Johnston DA, Ramagali LS, Martin BA, Capetillo S, Rodriguez LS (1982) Quantitative aspects of silver deposition in proteins resolved in complex polyacrylamide gels. Electrophoresis 3:197–205
Hendy MD, Penny D (1982) Branch and bound algorithms to determine minimal evolutionary trees. Math Biosci 59:277–290
Hubby JL, Throckmorton LH (1965) Protein differences inDrosophila. II. Comparative species genetics and evolutionary problems. Genetics 52:203–215
Imajoh S (1981) Application of two-dimensional electrophoresis to the analysis of speciation inAnopheles hyrcanus complex. Seikagaku (Biochemistry) 53:159–164 [in Japanese]
Lanyon SM (1988) The stochastic mode of molecular evolution: what consequences for systematic investigations? Auk 105:565–573
Lee TJ, Pak JH (1986) Biochemical phylogeny of theDrosophila auroria complex. Drosophila Inform Serv 63:81
Lee WH, Watanabe TK (1987) Evolutionary genetics of theDrosophila melanogaster subgroup. I. Phylogenetic relationships based on matings, hybrids and proteins. Jpn J Genet 62:225–239
Lundberg JG (1972) Wagner networks and ancestors. Syst Zool 18:1–32
Margush T, McMorris FR (1981) Consensus n-trees. Bull Math Biol 43:239–244
Mickevich MF, Johnson MS (1976) Congruence between morphological and allozyme data in evolutionary inference and character evolution. Syst Zool 25:260–270
Mickevich MF, Mitter C (1981) Treating polymorphic characters in systematics: a phylogenetic treatment of electrophoretic data. In: Funk VA, Brooks DR (eds) Advances in cladistics. Allen Press, Lawrence KS, pp 45–58
Nei M (1971) Interspecific gene differences and evolutionary time estimated from electrophoretic data on protein identity. Am Nat 105:385–398
Nei M (1972) Genetic distances between populations. Am Nat 106:283–292
O'Farrell PH (1975) High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis. J Biol Chem 250:4007–4021
Ohnishi S, Watanabe TK (1984) Systematics of theDrosophila montium species subgroup: a biochemical approach. Zool Sci (Japan) 1:801–807
Ohnishi S, Kawanishi M, Watanabe TK (1983a) Biochemical phylogenies ofDrosophila: protein differences detected by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Genetica 61:55–63
Ohnishi S, Kim K, Watanabe TK (1983b) Biochemical phylogeny of theDrosophila montium species subgroup. Jpn J Genet 58:141–151
Ostrega MS (1985) Restriction endonuclease analysis of the relatedness ofD. montana andD. virilis line. Drosophila Inform Serv 61:132–133
Patton JC, Avise JC (1983) An empirical evaluation of qualitative Hennigian analyses of protein electrophoretic data. J Mol Evol 19:244–254
Reinbold SL, Collier GE (1990) Molecular systematics of theDrosophila virilis species group (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 83:467–474
Rohlf FJ (1982) Consensus indices for comparing classifications. Math Biosci 59:131–144
Rohlf FJ (1988) NTSYS-pc. Numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system (ver 1.40). Exeter Publications, Setauket NY
Sanderson MJ (1989) Confidence limits on phylogenies: the bootstrap revisited. Cladistics 5:113–129
Sneath PHA, Sokal RR (1973) Numerical taxonomy. WH Freeman, San Francisco, p 573
Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ (1981) Taxonomic congruence in the Leptopodomorpha re-examined. Syst Zool 30:309–325
Sokal RR, Sneath PHA (1963) Principles of numerical taxonomy. WH Freeman, San Francisco, p 359
Spicer GS (1988a) Molecular evolution among someDrosophila species as indicated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. J Mol Evol 27:250–260
Spicer GS (1988b) The separation of whale myoglobins with two-dimensional electrophoresis. Biochem Genet 26:645–655
Spicer GS (1988c) The effects of culture media on the two-dimensional electrophoretic protein pattern ofDrosophila virilis. Drosophila Inform Serv 67:74–75
Spicer GS (1990) TheDrosophila virilis species group: molecular evolution, phylogeny, morphological evolution, and evolutionary genetics. PhD Dissertation, University of Chicago, Chicago IL
Spicer GS (1992) Reevaluation of the phylogeny of theDrosophila virilis species group (Drosophilidae: Diptera). Ann Entomol Soc Amer 85: in press.
Spieth HT (1979) Thevirilis group ofDrosophila and the beaverCastor. Am Nat 114:312–316
Swofford DL (1989) PAUP. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (ver 3.0d). Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign IL
Takai K, Kanda T (1986) Phylogenetic relationships among theAnopheles hyrcanus species group based on the degree of hybrid development and comparison with phylogenies by other methods. Jpn J Genet 61:295–314
Thorpe JP (1982) The molecular clock hypothesis: biochemical evolution, genetic differentiation and systematics. Annu Rev Syst Ecol 13:139–168
Thorpe PA, Dickinson WJ (1988) The use of regulatory patterns in constructing phylogenies. Syst Zool 37:97–105
Throckmorton LH (1975) The phylogeny, ecology and geography ofDrosophila. In: King RC (ed) Handbook of genetics, vol 3. Plenum, New York, pp 421–469
Throckmorton LH (1977)Drosophila systematics and biochemical evolution. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 8:235–254
Throckmorton LH (1978) Molecular phylogenetics. In: Romberger JA, Foote RH, Knutson L, Lentz PD (eds) Beltsville symposia in agricultural research, vol 2. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp 221–239
Throckmorton LH (1982) Thevirilis species group. In: Ashburner M, Novistky E (eds) The genetics and biology ofDrosophila, vol. 3B. Academic Press, London, pp 227–297
Wake DB, Maxson LR, Wurst GZ (1978) Genetic differentiation, albumin evolution, and their biogeographic implications in plethodontid salamanders of California and southern Europe. Evolution 32:529–539
Whitt GS (1987) Species differences in isozyme tissue patterns: their utility for systematic and evolutionary analysis. In: Rattazzi MC, Scandalios JG, Whitt GS (eds) Isozymes: current topics in biological and medical research, vol 10. Alan R Liss, New York
Wilson AC, Carlson SS, White TJ (1977) Biochemical evolution. Annu Rev Biochem 46:573–639
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Spicer, G.S. Molecular evolution and phylogeny of theDrosophila virilis species group as inferred by two-dimensional electrophoresis. J Mol Evol 33, 379–394 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02102868
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02102868