Summary
Phylogenetic trees were constructed for 62 venom toxins of snakes ofProteroglyphae suborder using matrix method. The resulting tree fromMinimum Spanning Tree-Cluster Analysis technique had the lowest “percent deviation” (8.55). The taxonomic relationship of these toxins agrees very well with zoological opinions. However, the appearance of the tree did not directly provide a plausible evolutionary model for the toxins. A model was derived from nodal ancestral sequence calculations, comparisons between intra-and inter-generical rates of amino acid change, and generally held ideas about protein evolution. According to the model, short neurotoxin is the ancient form of snake venom toxins. The courses of evolution leading to the present intraspecific homologous toxins are explained by gene duplication and allelomorphism.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Arnberg, H., Eaker, D., Fryklund, L., Karlsson, E. (1974). Biochem. Biophys. Acta359, 222
Banks, B.E.C., Miledi, R., Shipolini, R.A. (1974). Eur. J. Biochem.45, 457
Botes, D.P. (1971). J. Biol. Chem.246, 7383
Botes, D.P. (1972). J. Biol. Chem.247, 2866
Botes, D.P. (1974). Quoted by Maeda, N., Tamiya, N. (1974). Biochem. J.141, 389
Botes, D.P., Strydom, D.J. (1969). J. Biol. Chem.244, 4147
Botes, D.P., Strydom, D.J., Anderson, C.G., Christensen, P.A. (1971). J. Biol. Chem.246, 3132
Broadley, D.G. (1968). Arnoldia, 3, 1
Burger, W.L., Natsuno, T. (1974). The Snake6, 61
Carlsson, F.H.H. (1974). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.59, 269
Carlsson, F.H.H., Joubert, F.J. (1974). Biochem. Biophys. Acta336, 453
Chang, T.W. (1972). M. S. Thesis, National Tsing Hua Univ., Hsinchu, Taiwan.
Chang, C.C., Lee, C.Y. (1966). Brit. J. Pharmacol. Chemother.28, 172
Dayhoff, M.O. (1969). Atlas of protein sequence and structure, Vol. 3. National Biochemical Research Foundation, Silver Spring, Md.
Dayhoff, M.O., Eck, R.V. (1966). Atlas of protein sequence and structure, Vol. 2. National Biochemical Research Foundation, Silver Spring, Md.
Dickerson, R.E. (1971). J. Mol. Evol.1, 26
Dijkstra, E.W. (1969). Numer. Math.1, 269
Eaker, D.L., Porath, J. (1967). Jap. J. Microbiol.11, 353
Fitch, W.M. (1966). J. Mol. Biol.16, 9
Fitch, W.M. (1970). Syst. Zool.19, 99
Fitch, W.M. (1971). Syst. Zool.20, 406
Fitch, W.M. (1973). Ann. Rev. Genet.7, 343
Fitch, W.M., Margoliash, E. (1967). Science155, 279
Fitch, W.M., Margoliash, E. (1968). Brookhaven Symp. on Biology21, 217
Fryklund, L., Eaker, D. (1973). Biochemistry12, 661
Fryklund, L., Eaker, D., Karlsson, E. (1972). Biochemistry11, 4633
Gower, J.C., Ross, G.J.S. (1969). Appl. Statistics18, 54
Grishin, E.V., Lukyanchu, A.P., Slobodyan, L.N., Lipkin, V.M., Orchinnikov, Y.A., Sorokin, V.M. (1973). FEBS Lett.36, 77
Grishin, E.V., Sukhikh, A.P., Orchinnikov, Y.A. (1974). 4th Intern. Symp. on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins, Tokyo. Abst. p. 60
Hartigan, J.A. (1973). Biometrics29, 53
Hayashi, K. (1974). Quoted by Maeda, N., Tamiya, N. (1974). Biochem. J.141, 389
Hayashi, K., Takechi, M., Sasaki, T. (1971). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.45, 1357
Hayashi, K., Takechi, M., Sasaki, T. Lee, C.Y. (1975). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.64, 360
Johnson, R.G. (1956). Evolution10, 56
Jou, E.D. (1975). Proc. Intern. Computer Symp. Vol. 1. p. 90
Joubert, F.J. (1973). Biochem. Biophys. Acta317, 58
Karlsson, E. (1974). Quoted by Maeda, N., Tamiya, N. (1974). Biochem. J.141, 389
Karlsson, E., Eaker, D., Ponterius, G.H. (1972). Biochem. Biophys. Acta257, 235
Lee, C.Y. (1972). Ann. Rev. Pharmacol.12, 265
Liu, C.S., Blackwell, R.Q. (1974). Toxicon12, 543
Liu, C.S., Huber, G.S., Lin, C.S., Blackwell, R.Q. (1973). Toxicon11, 73
Louw, A.I. (1974a). Biochem. Biophys. Acta336, 481
Louw, A.I. (1974b). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.58, 1022
Maeda, N., Tamiya, N. (1974). Biochem. J.141, 389
McDowell, S.B. (1967). J. Zool. London151, 497
Mebs, D., Narita, K., Iwanaga, S., Samejima, Y., Lee, C.Y. (1972). Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem.353, 243
Moore, G.W., Goodman, M., Barnabas, J. (1973). J. Theoret. Biol.38, 459
Nakai, K., Lee, C.Y. (1970). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.41, 339
Nakai, K., Sasaki, T., Hayashi, K. (1971). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.44, 893
Neurath, H., Walsh, K.A., Winter, W.P. (1967). Science158, 1968
Ohta, M., Hayashi, K. (1973). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.55, 431
Peacock, D., Boulter, D. (1975). J. Mol. Biol.95, 513
Sato, A. (1974). Quoted by Maeda, N., Tamiya, N. (1974). Biochem. J.141, 389
Sato, S., Tamiya, N. (1971). Biochem. J.122, 453
Shipolini, R.A., Bailey, G.S., Banks, B.E.C. (1974). Eur. J. Biochem.43, 203
Shipolini, R.A., Banks, B.E.C. (1974). Eur. J. Biochem.49, 399
Smith, M.A. (1926). A Monograph of the sea snake (Hydrophiidae). Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) London
Strydom, A.J.C. (1973). Biochem. Biophys. Acta328, 491
Strydom, A.J.C., Botes, D.P. (1971). J. Biol. Chem.246, 1314
Strydom, D.J. (1972a). Toxicon10, 39
Strydom, D.J. (1972b). J. Biol. Chem.247, 4029
Strydom, D.J. (1973). Comp. Biochem. Physiol.448, 269
Strydom, D.J. (1974). Syst. Zool.22, 596
Takechi, M., Hayashi, K. (1972). Mol. Pharmacol.8, 446
Takechi, M., Sasaki, T., Hayashi, K. (1973). Proc. Symp. 11th Peptide Chem. p. 108
Tamiya, N., Abe, H. (1972). Biochem. J.130, 547
Viljoen, C.C., Botes, D.P. (1973). J. Biol. Chem.248, 4915
Viljoen, C.C., Botes, D.P. (1974). J. Biol. Chem.249, 366
Wang, C.L., Liu, C.S., Hung, Y.O., Blackwell, R.Q. (1976). Toxicon14, 459
Weise, K.H.K., Carlsson, F.H.H., Joubert, F.J., Strydom, D.J. (1973). Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem.354, 1317
Yang, C.C., Yang, H.J., Huang, J.S. (1969). Biochem. Biophys. Acta188, 65
Yang, J.Z. (1962). The life of vertebrates. Cambridge: Oxford University Press
Zahn, C.T. (1971). IEEE Trans. ComputersC-20, 68
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hseu, T.H., Jou, E.D., Wang, C. et al. Molecular evolution of snake venom toxins. J Mol Evol 10, 167–182 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01751810
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01751810