Summary
Vyhne-Klokoc, the largest Fe-Skarnn deposit in the Western Carpathians, is related to the emplacement of a large granodiorite pluton in the central zone of a Neogene stratovolcano. Skarn mineralisation is developed in places where apophyses of the pluton intruded basement carbonates. Granodiorite in the apophyses grades into rocks of granitic composition, involving the replacement of mafic minerals and a concomitant decrease in Fe-content. Ca-magnetite exoskarns (not accompanied by endoskarns) developed in three paragenetic stages. Fluid inclusion (Fl) data for quartz in granodiorite suggest the existence of aqueous fluid immiscibility during the early hydrothermal stages. Three end-members of Fis were recognised, with a continuum between all three types. High salinity, liquid-rich, probably secondary Fls (29-68 wt % NaCl eq., Th 450 to 570'C, composed of NaCl+FeCl2+KCl) coexist with vapour-rich Fls with low but variable salt contents (+CO2). Probably late secondary Fls (1-25 wt % NaCl eq., composed mainly of NaCl+CaCl2, Th 188–283°C) form the other end-member type of Fls trapped in granodiorite quartz. Fls from skarn garnets show a large variation in salinity (4-23 wt % NaCl eq., composed of NaCl±FeCl2+CaCl2+ KCl+MgCl2) and Th (220–370°C), independent of the garnet types, probably reflecting variable amounts of magmatic fluids and low salinity meteoric waters. Fls in retrograde quartz, calcite and sphalerite show progressively more dilute (0-4 wt % NaCl eq, Th 215–380°C), probably dominantly meteoric fluids with evidence for boiling at shallow depth. Chlorite crystallisation temperatures, calculated from the chlorite geothermometer, are in good agreement with the Th data for Fls in associated skarn minerals. Compositional changes in the granodiorite apophyses are the result of subsolidus autometasomatic reactions of accumulated saline magmatic fluid inside the apophyses with pre-existing mafic mineral phases. Reactions add the iron to the fluid -the potential source for magnetite skarn. Later mixing with dilute, cooler probably meteoric waters had the effect of decreasing the salinity and density of the equilibrated magmatic fluid, making it more buoyant and capable of moving out from the apophyses into the country rocks, causing metasomatic reactions and precipitating magnetite. An overlap exists between the FI microthermometry data from primary Fls in garnets and late secondary Fls in the granodiorite quartz indicating the same sources of the hydrothermal fluids - probably mixtures of magmatic and meteoric waters. Based on fluid inclusion, geological, petrological and mineralogical data, an integrated fluid evolution model involving magmatic and meteoric fluids is developed to explain the geological and fluid controls on Fe-skarn mineralization associated with granodiorite intrusions. Die Evolution von Fluiden bei Fe-skarn Mineralisation: Ein Beispiel von der Lagerstätte Vyhne-Klokoc, West-Karpathen, Slowakei.
Zusammenfassung
Vyhne-Klokoc ist die größte Fe-skarn Lagerstätte in den Westkarpathen. Sie steht in Beziehung zur Platznahme eines großen Granodiorit-Plutons in der Zentralzone eines neogenen Stratovulkans. Skarn-Vererzung ist dort zu finden, wo Apophysen des Plutons Karbonate des Basements intrudieren. In den Apophysen geht Granodiorit in Gesteine granitischer Zusammensetzung über, wobei mafische Minerale verdrängt werden und der Fe-Gehalt abnimmt. Ca-Magnetit-Exoskarne (nicht von Endoskarnen begleitet) entstanden in drei paragenetischen Stadien. Flüssigkeits-Einschluß-Daten (F1) für Quarz in Granodiorit weisen auf Unmischbarkeit von Fluiden während der frühen hydrothermalen Stadien hin. Drei Endglieder von FI liegen vor, die durch Kontinuum miteinander verbunden sind. Hochsalinare, wahrscheinlich sekundäre FI mit hohem Anteil fluider Phase (29-68 wt % NaCl eq., Th 450-570°C, bestehend aus NaCl+FeCl2+KCl) koexistieren mit Gas-reichen FI mit niedrigem aber variablem Salzgehalt (+C02). Sekundäre, wahrscheinlich spät gebildete FI (1-25 wt% NaCl eq., Hauptbestandteile NaCl+CaCl2, Th 188–283°C) bilden das andere Endglied von FI in Granodiorit-Quarz.
FI aus Skarn-Granaten zeigen größere Variationen der Salinität (4-23 wt % NaCl eq., Hauptkomponenten NaCl±FeCl2+CaCl2+KCl+M9Cl2) und Th (220–370°C). Diese Zusammensetzungen sind unabhängig von der Art der Granate und dürften das Ergebnis von Mischung variabler Mengen magmatischer Fluide und meteorischer Wässer niedriger Salinität sein. FI in retrogradem Quarz, Calcit und Sphalerit zeigen zunehmend mehr verdünnte (0-4 wt% NaCI eq., Th 215–380°C), wahrscheinlich großteils meteorische Fluide mit Hinweisen auf Kochen in geringer Tiefe. Temperaturen für die Kristallisation von Chlorit wurden mit dem Chlorit-Geothermometer ermittelt; diese stimmen gut mit Th-Werten für FI in assoziierten Skarn-Mineralen überein. Änderungen der Zusammensetzung der Granit-Apophysen sind das Ergebnis von autometasomatischen Subsolidus-Reaktionen magmatischer Fluide, die sich in den Apophysen angesammelt haben, mit präexistierenden mafischen Mineralen. Solche Reaktionen erhöhen den Fe-Gehalt in den Fluiden - die potentielle Quelle für Magnetit-Skarne. Spätere Mischung mit verdünnten, kühleren Fluiden, wahrscheinlich meteorischer Herkunft, senkte Salinität und Dichte der magmatischen Fluide und erleichterte so ihren Aufstieg in die Nebengesteine. Dies führte zu metasomatischen Reaktionen und zur Ausfällung von Magnetit. Mikrothermometrische Daten von primären FI in Granat und von sekundären FI in Granodiorit-Quarz überlappen teilweise und weisen auf ähnliche Ausgangs-Fluide hin, wahrscheinlich Mischungen magmatischer und meteorischer Wässer. Geologische, petrologische, mineralogische und FI-Daten ermöglichen die Entwicklung eines integrierten Modells für die FluidEvolution bei der Bildung von Fe-Skarnen in Granodiorit-Intrusionen.
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Koděr, P., Rankin, A.H. & Lexa, J. Evolution of fluids responsible for iron skarn mineralisation: An example from the Vyhne-Klokoc deposit, Western Carpathians, Slovakia. Mineralogy and Petrology 64, 119–147 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01226566
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01226566