Abstract
We report the use of Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing (DFWM) in the OHA 2 Σ + ←X 2 ∏ (υ′ = 0 ←υ″ = 0) band for temperature determination in a propane/air flame using laser powers below the saturation level. We show that at these low power levels the dependence of the signal on the dipole moment for the transition has to be established before meaningful temperature data can be obtained. This presents a paradox in that the temperature has to be known before the form of the dependence on the dipole moment can be determined. Solutions to this paradox are presented. We also show that absorption of the laser beams in this OH band system cannot be neglected and that failure to correctly account for the absorption leads to a large over estimate of the flame temperature. Furthermore, we show that the accuracy of the absorption-corrected temperature is critically dependent on the accuracy with which the measurement position within the flame is known. Finally, the temperature calculated from DFWM spectra using the correct dipole moment power and absorption is compared to the temperatures obtained using Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) and Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS).
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
A.C. Eckbreth:Laser Diagnostics for Combustion Temperature and Species (Abacus, Cambridge, MA 1988)
D.A. Greenhalgh: InAdvances in Nonlinear Spectroscopy, ed. by R.J.H Clark, R.E. Hester (Wiley, New York 1988) Chap. 5
M.J. Dyer, D.R. Crosley: Opt. Lett.7, 382 (1982)
W. Ketterle, M. Schäfer, A. Arnold, J. Wolfrum: Appl. Phys. B54, 109 (1992)
P. Andresen, G. Meijer, H. Schlüter, H. Voges, A. Koch, W. Hentschel, W. Oppermann, E. Rothe: Appl. Opt.29, 2392 (1990)
M.P. Lee, P.H. Paul, R.K. Hanson: Opt. Lett.11, 7 (1986)
M.G. Allen, R.D. Howe, R.K. Hanson: Opt. Lett.11, 126 (1986)
A. Arnold, B. Lange, T. Bouché, T. Heitzmann, G. Schiff, W. Ketterle, P. Monkhouse, J. Wolfrum: Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem.96, 1388 (1992)
P. Ewart, S.V. O'Leary: Opt. Lett.11, (1986)
P. Ewart, P. Snowdon, I. Magnusson: Opt. Lett.14, 563 (1989)
E. Domingues, M.-J. Cottereau, D.A. Feikema: Third Int'l Symp. on Special Topics in Chemical Propulsion: Non-Intrusive Combustion Diagnostics, May 10–14, Scheveningen, The Netherlands (1993)
M. Winter, P.P. Radi: Opt. Lett.17, 320 (1992)
T. Dreier, D.J. Rakestraw: Appl. Phys. B50, 479 (1990)
R.L. Vander Wal, R.L. Farrow, D.J. Rakestraw: InProc. 24th Int'l Symp. on Combustion (The Combustion Institute, Pittsburg, PA 1992)
B.A. Mann, S.V. O'Leary, A.G. Astill, D.A. Greenhalgh: Appl. Phys. B54, 271 (1992)
S. Williams, D.S. Green, S Sethuraman, R.N. Zare: J. Am. Chem. Soc.114, 9122 (1992)
G. Hall, A.G. Suits, B.J. Whitaker: Chem. Phys. Lett.203, 277 (1993)
R.L. Farrow, D.J. Rakestraw, T. Dreier: J. Opt. Soc. Am. B9, 1770 (1992)
T. Dreier, D.J. Rakestraw: Opt. Lett.15, 72 (1990)
R.C. Hilborn: Am. J. Phys.50, 982 (1982)
P. Ewart, S.V. O'Leary: J. Phys. B17, 4595 (9184)
K. Kohse-Höinghaus: Appl. Phys. B50, 455 (1990)
I.L. Chidsey, D.R. Crosley: J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer23, 187 (1980)
B. Lewis, G. von Elbe:Combustion, Flames and Explosions of Gases (Academic, New York 1961)
J.A. Barnard, J.N. Bradley:Flame and Combustion (Chapman and Hall, London 1985)
P.M. Danehy, E.J. Friedman-Hill, R.P. Lucht, R.L. Farrow: Appl. Phys. B57, 243 (1993)
N.P. Tait, R.D. Bush, D.A. Greenhalgh: InMultidimensional Imaging Diagnostics for Combustion II, Second Periodic Report, ed. by J.O.W. Norris, CEC Contract JOUE-CT91-0085 (1993)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Smith, A.P., Astill, A.G. Temperature measurement using degenerate four-wave mixing with non-saturating laser powers. Appl. Phys. B 58, 459–466 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01081076
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01081076