Abstract
Paleobotanical studies indicate that several isolated and systematically depauperate groups of extant woody dicotyledons originated in the Mid Cretaceous. TheChloranthaceae had probably differentiated into insect-pollinated (Chloranthus andSarcandra) and wind-pollinated (Ascarina andHedyosmum) forms by the end of the Albian, and leaves referable to theTrochodendrales are known from the Albian and Cenomanian. In the latest Cretaceous and Early Tertiary, extinct representatives of theTrochodendrales includedNordenskioldia and theJoffrea-Nyssidium complex. ThePlatanaceae also differentiated before the end of the Albian and initially had insect-pollinated, unisexual flowers with five carpels or stamens. Some of these features persisted in the platanoid lineage until the Early Tertiary, and during the Paleocene and Eocene thePlatanaceae included forms with elliptical, palmate and pinnate foliage. The history of thePlatanaceae suggests that several features of the reproductive morphology of extant taxa may have arisen in association with a trend toward wind pollination. In the Mid Cretaceous, platanoid foliage partially intergrades with pinnateSapindopsis and pedateDebeya-Dewalquea leaves suggesting a close relationship betweenPlatanaceae andRosidae andFagaceae respectively. TheChloranthaceae, Trochodendrales, andPlatanaceae all occupy a somewhat intermediate position between theMagnoliidae andHamamelidae and are of considerable interest with respect to their role in the initial radiation of nonmagnoliid (“higher”) dicotyledons.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Bailey, I. W., 1944: The development of vessels in angiosperms and its significance in morphological research. — Amer. J. Bot.31: 421–428.
Becker, H. F., 1973: The York Ranch flora of the Upper Ruby River Basin, southwestern Montana. — Palaeontographica Abt. B, Paläophytol.143: 18–93
Bell, W. A., 1956: Lower Cretaceous floras of Western Canada. — Geol. Surv. Canad. Mem.285: 1–331
Berry, E. W., 1921a: The flora of the Woodbine Sand at Arthurs Bluff, Texas. — Profess. Pap. U.S. Geol. Surv.129 G: 153–180.
—, 1921b: The flora of the Cheyenne Sandstone of Kansas. — Profess. Pap. U.S. Geol. Surv.129 I: 199–226.
—, 1931: A flora of Green River age in the Wind River Basin of Wyoming. — Profess. Pap. U. S. Geol. Surv.165: 55–80.
Bones, T. J., 1979: Atlas of fossil fruits and seeds from north-central Oregon. — Oregon Mus. Sci. Ind. Occ. Pap. Nat. Sci.1: 1–23.
Brenner, G. J., 1963: The spores and pollen of the Potomac Group of Maryland. — Bull. State of Maryland Dept. Geol., Mines & Water Res.27: 1–215.
—, 1984: Late Hauterivian angiosperm pollen from the Helez Formation, Israel. — Abstr. 6th Int. Palynol. Conf., Calgary1984: 15.
Brown, R. W., 1933: Fossil plants from the Aspen Shale of southwestern Wyoming. — Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.82: 1–10.
—, 1936: Additions to some fossil floras of the western United States. — Profess. Pap. U.S. Geol. Surv.186: 163–206
—, 1939: Fossil leaves, fruits and seeds ofCercidiphyllum. — J. Paleontol.13: 485–499.
—, 1962: Palaeocene flora of the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains. — Profess. Pap. U.S. Geol. Surv.375: 1–119
Bůžek, C., Holý, F., Kvaček, Z., 1967: Eine bemerkenswerte Art der FamiliePlatanaceae Lindl. (1836) im nordböhmischen Tertiär. — Monatsber. Deutsch. Akad. Wiss. Berlin9: 203–215.
Chandler, M. E. J., 1961: The Lower Tertiary floras of Southern England, I, Paleocene floras; London Clay Flora (Supplement): & Atlas. — London: British Museum Natural History.
Chandrasekharam, A., 1974: Megafossil flora from the Genesee locality, Alberta, Canada. — Palaeontographica Abt. B, Paläophytol.147: 1–41
Cornet, B., 1979: Angiosperm-like pollen with tectate-columellate wall structure from the Upper Triassic (and Jurassic) of the Newark Supergroup, U.S.A. — Palynology3: 281–282.
Couper, R. A., 1958: British Mesozoic microspores and pollen grains. — Palaeontographica Abt. B, Paläophytol.103: 75–119.
Crane, P. R., 1981: Betulaceous leaves and fruits from the British Upper Palaeocene. — Bot. J. Linn. Soc.83: 103–136.
—, 1984a: A re-evaluation ofCercidiphyllum-like plant fossils from the British Early Tertiary. — Bot. J. Linn. Soc.89: 199–230.
—, 1984b: Early fossil history of theBetulaceae: a preliminary report. — Amer. J. Bot71(5,: 109.
—, 1985: Phylogenetic analysis of seed plants and the origin of angiosperms. — Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.72: 716–793.
—, 1987: Vegetational consequences of the angiosperm diversification. — InFriis, E. M., Chaloner, W. G., Crane, P. R., (Eds.): The origins of angiosperms and their biological consequences, pp. 107–144. — Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
—, 1984:Lesqueria: an early angiosperm fruiting axis from the mid-Cretaceous. — Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.71: 384–402.
—, 1985: Growth and reproductive biology ofJoffrea speirsii gen. et sp. nov., aCercidiphyllum-like plant from the Late Paleocene of Alberta, Canada. — Canad. J. Bot.63: 340–364.
Crane, P. R., Stockey, R. A., 1986: Morphology and development of pistillate inflorescences in extant and fossilCercidiphyllaceae. — Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.73: 382–393.
—, 1986a:Nordenskioldia: a vesselless angiosperm from the Paleocene of North America. — Amer. J. Bot.73 (5): 697
—, 1986b: Lower Cretaceous angiosperm flowers: fossil evidence on early radiation of Dicotyledons. — Science232: 852–854.
-Manchester, S. R., Dilcher, D. L., 1988a: The morphology and relationships ofPlatanites hebridicus Forbes from the Palaeocene of Scotland. — Palaeontology, (in press).
- - - 1988b: A preliminary survey of fossil leaves and well preserved reproductive structures from the Sentinel Butte Formation (Paleocene) near Almont, North Dakota, U.S.A. — Fieldiana, Geol., (in press).
Crepet, W. L., Daghlian, C. P., 1980: Castaneoid inflorescences from the Middle Eocene of Tennessee and the diagnostic value of pollen (at the subfamily level) in theFagaceae. — Amer. J. Bot.67: 739–757.
—, 1986: The earliest megafossil evidence of theFagaceae and its implications. — Amer. J. Bot.73 (5): 758 (Abstract).
Cronquist, A., 1981: An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. — New York: Columbia University Press.
Dilcher, D. L., 1971: A revision of the Eocene flora of southeastern North America. — Palaeobotanist20: 7–18.
—, 1979: Early angiosperm reproduction: an introductory report. — Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol.27: 291–328.
—, 1984:Archaeanthus: an early angiosperm from the Cenomanian of the western interior of North America. — Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.71: 351–383.
—, 1986: Early angiosperm reproduction:Caloda delevoryana gen. et sp. nov., a new fructification from the Dakota Formation (Cenomanian) of Kansas. — Amer. J. Bot.73: 1230–1237.
Dorf, E. R., 1942: Upper Cretaceous floras of the Rocky Mountains region. — Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Contr. Paleontol.508: 1–168.
Doyle, J. A., 1969: Cretaceous angiosperm pollen of the Atlantic coastal plain and its evolutionary significance. — J. Arnold Arbor.50: 1–35.
—, 1978: Origin of angiosperms. — Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst.9: 365–392.
—, 1986: Seed plant phylogeny and the origin of angiosperms: An experimental cladistic approach. — Bot. Rev.52: 321–431.
—, 1987: The importance of fossils in elucidating seed plant phylogeny and macroevolution. — Rev. Paleobot. Palynol.50: 63–96.
—, 1976: Pollen and leaves from the Mid Cretaceous Potomac Group and their bearing on early angiosperm evolution. — InBeck, C. B., (Ed.): Origin and early evolution of angiosperms, pp. 139–206. — New York: Columbia University Press.
Endress, P. K., 1977: Evolutionary trends in theHamamelidales-Fagales group. — Pl. Syst. Evol., Suppl.1: 321–347.
—, 1986a: Floral structure, systematics, and phylogeny inTrochodendrales. — Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.73: 297–324.
—, 1986b: Reproductive structures and phylogenetic significance of extant primitive angiosperms. — Pl. Syst. Evol.152: 1–28.
—, 1987a: Floral phyllotaxis and floral evolution. — Bot. Jahrb. Syst.108: 417–438.
—, 1987b: TheChloranthaceae: reproductive structures and phylogenetic position. — Bot. Jahrb. Syst.109: 153–226.
—, 1989: Aspects of evolutionary differentiation of theHamamelidaceae and the LowerHamamelididae. — Pl. Syst. Evol.162: 193–211.
Friis, E. M., 1983: Upper Cretaceous (Senonian) floral structures of juglandalean affinity containing Normapolles pollen. — Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol.39: 161–188.
Friis, E. M., 1984: Preliminary report of Upper Cretaceous angiosperm reproductive organs from Sweden and their level of organization. — Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.71: 403–418.
—, 1985: Structure and function in Late Cretaceous angiosperm flowers. — Biol. Skr.25: 1–37.
—, 1987: Time of appearance of floral features. — InFriis, E. M., Chaloner, W. G., Crane, P. R., (Eds.): The origins of angiosperms and their biological consequences, pp. 145–179. — Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
—, 1986: Floral evidence for Lower Cretaceous chloranthoid angiosperms. — Nature320: 163–164.
—, 1988: Reproductive structures of CretaceousPlatanaceae. — Biol. Skr.31: 1.
Heer, O., 1870: Die miozäne Flora und Fauna Spitzbergens. — Kongl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl.8 (7): 1–98.
Hickey, L. J., 1977: Stratigraphy and paleobotany of the Golden Valley Formation Early Tertiary of western North Dakota. — Mem. Geol. Soc. Amer.150: 1–181.
—, 1977: Early Cretaceous fossil evidence for angiosperm evolution. — Bot. Rev.43: 3–104.
—, 1975: The bases of angiosperm phylogeny: vegetative morphology. — Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.62: 538–589.
Hughes, N. F., 1976: Palaeobiology of angiosperm origins. — Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
—, 1987: Records of angiospermid pollen entry into the English Early Cretaceous succession. — Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol.50: 255–272.
—, 1979: Barremian earliest angiosperm pollen. — Palaeontology22: 513–535.
Iljinskaja, J., 1974:Trochodendroides Berry,Nyssidium Heer. — InTakhtajan,A. L., (Ed.):Magnoliophyta Fossilia U.R.S.S., I,Magnoliaceae—Eucommiaceae, pp. 115–124. — Leningrad: Nauka.
Jähnichen, H., Mai, D. H., Walther, H., 1980: Blätter und Früchte vonCercidiphyllum Siebold andZuccarini im mitteleuropäischen Tertiär. — Schriftenreihe Geol. Wiss. Berlin16: 357–399.
Johnson, T., Gilmore, J. G., 1921: The occurrence ofDewalquea in the coal-bore at Washing Bay. — Scient. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc.16: 323–333.
Jones, J. H., 1986: Evolution of theFagaceae: the implications of foliar features. — Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.73: 228–275.
Knappe, H., Rüffle, L., 1975: Beiträge zu den Platanaceen-Funden und einigenHamamelidales der Oberkreide. — Wiss. Z. Humboldt-Univ. Berlin, Math.-Naturwiss. Reihe24: 487–492.
Knowlton, F. H., 1917: A fossil flora from the Frontier Formation of southwestern Wyoming. — Profess. Pap. U.S. Geol. Surv.108 F: 73–107.
—, 1926: Flora of the Latah Formation of Spokane, Washington and Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. — Profess. Pap. U.S. Geol. Surv.140: 17–79.
Krassilov, V. A., 1973: Cuticular structure of Cretaceous angiosperms from the Far East of the USSR. — Palaeontographica, Abt. B, Paläophytol.142: 105–116.
—, 1976: The Tsagayan Flora of Amur Region. — Moscow: Nauka, (in Russian).
Kryshtofovich, A. N., 1956: Oligocene flora of Mount Ashutus in Kazakstan. — InKomarov, L., (Ed.): Paleobotanica Fasciculus 1. Institutum Botanicum nomine 5. Academiae Scientarum URSS. ACTA Series 8. Moscow.
- 1958: The Cretaceous flora of Anadyrland. — InTakhatajan, A. L., (Ed.): Paleobotanica Fasciculus 3, pp. 9–70. — ACTA Series 8. Moscow.
Kubitzki, K., 1987: Origin and significance of trimerous flowers. — Taxon36: 21–28.
Kuprianova, L. A., 1967: Palynological data for the history of theChloranthaceae. — Pollen & Spores9: 95–100.
Kvaček, Z., 1983: Cuticular studies in angiosperms of the Bohemian Cenomanian. — Acta Palaeontol. Polon.28: 159–170.
Leroy, J. F., 1982: Origine et évolution du genrePlatanus (Platanaceae). — Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci.295: 251–254.
Lesquereux, L., 1892: The flora of the Dakota Group. — Monogr. U.S. Geol. Surv.18: 1–400.
Manchester, S. R., 1986: Vegetative and reproductive morphology of an extinct plane tree (Platanaceae) from the Eocene of western North America. — Bot. Gaz.147: 200–226.
—, 1987: The fossil history of theJuglandaceae. — Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. Monog.21: 1–137.
—, 1983: Attached leaves, inflorescences, and fruits ofFagopsis, an extinct genus of fagaceous affinity from the Florissant Flora of Colorado, U.S.A. — Amer. J. Bot.70: 1147–1164.
—, 1987: A new genus ofBetulaceae from the Oligocene of western North America. — Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville)148: 263–273.
—, 1982: Pterocaryoid fruitsJuglandaceae in the Paleogene of North America and their evolutionary and biogeographic significance. — Amer. J. Bot.69: 275–286.
Miki, A., 1977: Late Cretaceous pollen and spore floras of northern Japan: composition and interpretation. — J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Imp. Univ., Ser. 4, Geol.17: 399–436.
Muller, J., 1970: Palynological evidence on the early differentiation of the angiosperms. — Biol. Rev. Cambridge Philos. Soc.45: 417–450.
—, 1981: Fossil pollen records of extant angiosperms. — Bot. Rev.47: 1–142.
—, 1984: Significance of fossil pollen for angiosperm history. — Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.71: 419–443.
Nee, M., 1981:Platanaceae. — InGómez-Pompa, A., (Ed.): Flora de Veracruz19, pp. 1–9. — Xalapa: INIREB.
Němejc, F., Kvaček, Z., 1975: Senonian plant macrofossils from the region of Zliv and Hloboká (near Cěské Budějovice) in South Bohemia. Prague: Universita Karlova Praha.
Nichols, D. J., Jacobson, S. R., 1982: Palynostratigraphic framework for the Cretaceous (Albian-Maestrichtian) of the overthrust belt of Utah and Wyoming. — Palynology6: 119–147.
Reid, E. M., Chandler, M. E. J., 1933: The London Clay flora. — London: British Museum Natural History.
Retallack, G., Dilcher, D. L., 1981: Early angiosperm reproduction:Prisca reynoldsii gen. et sp. nov. from mid-Cretaceous coastal deposits, Kansas, U.S.A. — Palaeontographica, Abt. B, Paläophytol.179: 103–137.
Rüffle, L., 1978: Evolutionary and ecological trends in Cretaceous floras particularly in someFagaceae. — Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg30: 77–83.
- 1980: Wachstums-Modus und Blatt-Morphologie bei altertümlichenFagales undHamamelidales der Kreide und der Gegenwart. — 100 Jahre Arboretum (1980), 329–341.
—, 1977: Entwicklungsgeschichtliche und ökologische Aspekte zur Oberkreide Flora, besonders einigerFagaceae (Hamamelididae). — Zeit. Geol. Wiss., Berlin5: 269–303.
—, 1976: WeitereRanales, Fagaceae, Loranthaceae, Apocynaceae. — Abh. Zentralen Geol. Inst.26: 199–282.
Saporta, G., Marion, A. F., 1873: Essai sur l'état de la végétation à l'epoque des marnes heersiennes de Gelinden. — Mém. Couronnés Mém. Savants Étrangers Acad. Roy. Sci. Belgique37: 1–95.
Schloemer-Jäger, A., 1958: Alttertiäre Pflanzen aus Flözen der Brögger-Halbinsel Spitzbergen. — Palaeontographica, Abt. B, Paläophytol.104: 39–103.
Schwarzwalder, R. N., Dilcher, D. L., 1988: Systematics and early evolution of thePlatanaceae. — Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. (in press).
Stockey, R. A., Crane, P. R., 1983: In situCercidiphyllum-like seedlings from the Paleocene of Alberta, Canada. — Amer. J. Bot.70: 1564–1568.
Stockmans, F., 1932: Sur des épidermes de dicotylédonées (Dewalquea gelindenensis Saporta et Marion etLitsea elatinervis Saporta etMarion) des marnes de Gelinden (Paléocène). — Bull. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belgique8 (9): 1–10.
Stopes, M. C., 1912: Petrifactions of the earliest European angiosperms. — Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., ser. B203: 75–100.
Swamy, B. G. L., 1953: The morphology and relationships of theChloranthaceae. — J. Arnold Arbor.34: 375–411.
—, 1950:Sarcandra, a vesselless genus ofChloranthaceae. — J. Arnold Arbor.31: 117–129.
Tanai, T., 1981: The revision of the so-called “Cercidiphyllum” leaves from the Paleogene of Japan. — J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Imp. Univ., Ser. 4, Geol.,19: 451–484.
Tiffney, B. H., 1986: Fruit and seed dispersal and the evolution of theHamamelidae. — Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.73: 394–416.
Upchurch, G. R. Jr., 1984a: Cuticle evolution in Early Cretaceous angiosperms from the Potomac Group of Virginia and Maryland. — Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.71: 522–550.
—, 1984b: Cuticular anatomy of angiosperm leaves from the Lower Cretaceous Potomac Group. I. Zone I leaves. — Amer. J. Bot.71: 192–202.
—, 1987: Mid-Cretaceous to Early Tertiary vegetation and climate: evidence from fossil leaves and woods. — InFriis, E. M., Chaloner, W. G., Crane, P. R., (Eds.): The origins of angiosperms and their biological consequences, pp. 75–105. — Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Walker, J. W., Walker, A. G., 1984: Ultrastructure of Lower Cretaceous angiosperm pollen and the origin and early evolution of flowering plants. — Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.71: 464–521.
—, 1983: Winteraceous pollen in the Lower Cretaceous of Israel: early evidence of a magnolialean angiosperm family. — Science220: 1273–1275.
Walther, H., 1985: Das Vorkommen der GattungPlatanus L. im Tertiär des Weisselster-Beckens (Bezirk Leipzig, DDR). — Hallische Jahrb. Geowiss.10: 9–19.
Wing, S. L., Hickey, L. J., 1984: ThePlatycarya perplex and the evolution of theJuglandaceae. — Amer. J. Bot.71: 388–411.
Wolfe, J. A., 1966: Tertiary plants from the Cook Inlet Region, Alaska. — Profess. Pap. U.S. Geol. Surv.398 B: 1–32.
—, 1975: The bases of angiosperm phylogeny: paleobotany. — Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.62: 801–824.
Young, D. A., 1981: Are the angiosperms primitively vesselless? — Syst. Bot.6: 313–330.
Zavada, M. S., Taylor, T. N., 1987: Pollen morphology ofLactoridaceae. — Pl. Syst. Evol.154: 31–39.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Crane, P.R. Paleobotanical evidence on the early radiation of nonmagnoliid dicotyledons. Pl Syst Evol 162, 165–191 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00936916
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00936916