Article PDF
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Reference Notes
1. Commonwealth of Massachusetts Department of Youth Services and National Program for the Development of Strategies for Juvenile Delinquency Prevention: Institute for Social Research, Fordham University.The conference proceedings for “The Closing Down of Institutions and New Strategies in Youth Services.” Leominster, Mass: The Village Press, 1972.
2. Griffin, E. G.History and development of the Connecticut School for Boys. Unpublished master's dissertation, School of Social Service Administration, University of Chicago, 1936.
References
Allport, G. W.Personality: a psychological interpretation. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1937.
Allport, G. W.Pattern and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1961.
Argyris, C.Intervention theory and method: A behavioral view. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1970.
Bakal, Y.Closing correctional institutions. Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath & Co., 1973.
Becker, C. Everyman his own historian. In C. Becker,Essays on history and politics. New York: F. S. Crofts & Co., 1935.
Blatt, B.Exodus from pandemonium. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1970.
Blumenthal, A. L. A reappraisal of Wilhelm Wundt.American Psychologist, 1975,30, 1081–1088.
Bockoven, J. S.Moral treatment in American psychiatry. New York: Springer Publishing Co., 1963.
Boring, E. G.A history of experimental psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1957.
Cowen, E. L. Social and community interventions.Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 24, Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1973.
Dean, C. W., & Reppucci, N. D. Juvenile correction institutions. In D. Glaser (Ed.),Handbook of criminology. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1974.
Fairweather, G. W.Methods for experimental social innovation. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1967.
Fairweather, G. W., Sanders, D. H., & Tornatzky, L. G.Creating change in mental health organizations. Elmsford, New York: Pergamon Press, 1974.
Goldenberg, I. I. (Ed.).The helping professions in the world of action. Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath & Co., 1973.
Grob, G. N.Mental institutions in America: Social policy to 1875. New York: Free Press, 1973.
Hage, J., & Aiken, M.Social change in complex organizations. New York: Random House, 1970.
Hudson, L.The cult of the fact. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1972.
Katkin, E. S., & Sibley, R. F. Psychological consultation at Attica State Prison: Post-hoc reflections on some precursors to a disaster. In I. I. Goldenberg (Ed.),The helping professions in the world of action. Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1973.
Kelly, J. G., Snowden, L. R., & Muñoz, R. F. Social and community interventions.Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 28, Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, in press.
Levine, M. Problems of entry in light of some postulates of practice in community psychology. In I. I. Goldenberg (Ed.),The helping professions in the world of action. Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath & Co., 1973.
Levine, M. The academic achievement test: Its historical context and social functions.American Psychologist, 1976,31, 228–238.
Levine, M., & Levine, A.A social history of helping services: Clinic, court, school and community. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970.
Reppucci, N. D. The social psychology of institutional change: General principles for intervention.American Journal of Community Psychology, 1973,1, 330–341.
Reppucci, N. D., Dean, C. W., & Saunders, J. T. Job design variables as change measures in a correctional facility.American Journal of Community Psychology, 1975,3, 315–325.
Reppucci, N. D., Sarata, B. P. V., Saunders, J. T., MacArthur, A. V., & Michlin, L. We bombed in Mountville: Lessons learned in consultation to a correctional facility for adolescent offenders. In I. I. Goldenberg (Ed.),The helping professions in the world of action. Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Health & Co., 1973.
Reppucci, N. D., & Saunders, J. T. The social psychology of behavior modification: Problems of implementation in natural settings.American Psychologist, 1974,29, 649–660.
Reppucci, N. D., & Saunders, J. T. Innovation and implementation in a state training school for adolescent delinquents. In R. Nelson & D. Yates (Eds.),Innovation and implementation in public organizations. Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath & Co., in press.
Rothman, D.Discovery of the asylum. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1971.
Sarason, S. B.The creation of settings and the future societies. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1972.
Sarason, S. B.The psychological sense of community: Prospects for a community psychology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1974.
Sarason, S. B. PsychologyTo the Finland Station inThe Heavenly City of the Eighteenth Century Philosophers. American Psychologist, 1975,30, 1072–1080.
Sarason, S. B. Community psychology, networks, and Mr. Everyman.American Psychologist, 1976,31, 317–329.
Sarason, S. B., Levine, M., Goldenberg, I. I., Cherlin, D. L., & Bennett, E. M.Psychology in community settings. New York: John Wiley, 1966.
Shepard, H. Changing interpersonal and intergroup relationships in organizations. In J. G. March (Ed.),Handbook of Organizations. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1965.
Watson, R. I.The great psychologists (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1971.
Wilkinson, L., & Reppucci, N. D. Perceptions of social climate among participants in token economy and non-token economy cottages in a juvenile correctional institution.American Journal of Community Psychology, 1973,1, 36–43.
Wilkinson, L. Saunders, J. T., & Reppucci, N. D. The development of a behavioral system for an established institution: A preliminary statement.Journal of Biological Psychology, 1974,16, 6–11.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
The authors express their appreciation for financial support from NIMH small grant number 1 R03 MH-25 779-01, the Institution for Social and Policy Studies at Yale University, and Mrs. Elizabeth Lorentz. They also are grateful to Cai Emmons, Murray Levine, and most especially Seymour B. Sarason, for helping to focus on the issues discussed in this paper.
It should be noted that while some attention has been paid to the problems of institutional change in industrial organizations (Shepard, 1965) and while many studies implicitly discuss this phenomenon, few studies explicitly analyzeit (Hage & Aiken, 1970). Moreover, organizational change consultants (e.g., Argyris, 1970; Shepard, 1965) provide principles and useful information on how to change “process” characteristics such as communication patterns between staff members, but they provide little guidance for changing content, e.g., the goals of an institution. Whereas this may be of diminished importance for industrial settings since the goal is to make them function more effectively at what they are already doing, it is inadequate in human-service institutions because the goals and methods, as well as process, of these institutions frequently need major overhaul. Furthermore, the literature that is available in the realm of human-service institutions is replete with descriptions of specialized alternative settings or of short-lived demonstration projects within larger institutions, rather than with examples of total institutional change projects (Reppucci, 1973; Sarason, 1972, 1974).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Reppucci, N.D., Saunders, J.T. History, action, and change. Am J Commun Psychol 5, 399–412 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00877943
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00877943