Summary
Female northern bats emerged at dusk to feed when aerial insect density was 0.1 m-3 or higher. A model suggests that this is the threshold level above which foraging may be energetically profitable. Insect density was determined mainly by air temperature, and reached the threshold level at 6–10°C. Mean temperature during early summer in six years was correlated with the date of parturition. This suggests that periods when foraging was not energetically profitable were spent in torpor.
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Rydell, J. Feeding activity of the northern bat Eptesicus nilssoni during pregnancy and lactation. Oecologia 80, 562–565 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00380082
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00380082