Summary
The anatomy of periderms in three North American conifers are described and compared. The phellems of balsam fir and eastern hemlock consist of tangential bands of thin-walled phellem (TnP) separated by one, or sometimes more, cell layers of thick-walled phellem (TkP). The phellem of white spruce contains tangential bands of TnP and TkP, as well as one to several cell layers of crystalliferous phellem (CP) abaxially adjacent to every TkP zone. The TkP, and to a lesser extent the TnP, are distinctive for each of the three conifers.
The terminations of phellem growth cycles in fir and hemlock are delineated by thickened adaxial suberinic walls in the last-formed layer of TnP cells. In spruce, the adaxial suberinic walls of the last-formed layer of CP cells are thickened. TkP marks the geginning of phellem growth cycles in all three conifers.
TkP cells are “true” suberized phellem cells, not phelloids.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Arzee, T.; Waisel, Y.; Liphschitz, N. 1970: Periderm development and phellogen activity in the shoots of Acacia raddiana Savi. New Phytol. 69 (2): 395–398
Bomar Co.: The Bomar — The SPC-900 & critical point method for preserving delicate structures. P.O. Box 225, Tacoma, WA 98401
Chang, Y.-P. 1954a: Anatomy of common North American pulpwood barks. TAPPI Monograph Series No. 14
Chang, Y.-P. 1954b: Bark structure of North American conifers. U.S.D.A. Tech. Bull. No. 1095, 1954
Chattawy, M. M. 1953: The anatomy of bark. I. The genus Eucalyptus. Aust. J. Bot. 1 (3): 402–433
Eremin, V. M. 1976: Bark anatomy of Picea species of the Soviet Union. Bot. Zu. 61 (5): 700–709
Eremin, V. M.; Raskatov, P. B. 1974: Anatomical structure of the bark of Abies spp. in the Soviet Union. Bot. Zh. 59 (5): 680–688
Esau, K. 1967: Plant anatomy. 2nd Ed. New York: Wiley & Sons
Eurenius, L.; Jarksär, R. 1970: A simple method to demonstrate lipids in epon-embedded ultrathin sections. Stain Technol. 45 (3): 129–132
Feder, N.; O'Brien, T. P. 1968: Plant microtechnique: some principles and new methods. Amer. J. Bot. 55 (1): 123–142
Fillo, Z. 1973: The bark anatomy of the industrially more important species of native and hybrid Poplars in Hungary. Faipari Kutatasok 1972: 265–278
Frey-Wyssling, A.; Mühlethaler, K. 1965: Ultrastructural plant cytology. Amsterdam: Elsevier
Fulcher, R. G.; McCully, M. E.; Setterfield, G.; Sutherland, J. 1976: β-1,3-glucans may be associated with cell plate formation during cytokinesis. Can. J. Bot. 54: 539–542
Godkin, S. E., Grozdits, G. A.; Keith, C. T. 1977: A lipid-dense layer in the periderm of Picea glauca (Moench) Voxx. Proc. Microsc. Soc. Can. IV: 60–61
Godkin, S. E.; Grozdits, G. A.; Keith, C. T. 1978: The structure of the thick-walled phellem cells in eastern white spruce periderm. Proc. Microsc. Soc. Can. V: 62–63
Golinowski, W. O. 1971: The anatomical structure of the common fir (Abies alba Mill.) bark. I. Development of bark tissues. Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 40 (1): 149–181
Grillos, S. J.; Smith, F. H. 1959: The secondary phloem of Douglas-fir. For. Sci. 5: 377–388
Grozdits, G. A.: Microstructure of sequent periderms and ultrastructure of periderm cell walls in Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Wood Sci. (in press)
Gurr, E. 1965: The rational use of dyes in biology. London: Leonard Hill
Haberlandt, G. 1914: Physiological Plant Anatomy. London: MacMillan
von Höhnel, F. 1877: Überden Kork und verkorkte Gewebe überhaupt. Sitz.-Ber. Wiener Akad. Wiss. 76 (1): 507–562
Hosie, R. C. 1973: Native Trees of Canada. Can. For. Serv., Dept. of Environment, Ottawa
Hossfeld, R. L.; Kaufert, F. H. 1957: Structure and composition of aspen bark. For. Prod. J. 7 (12): 437–439
Howard, E. T. 1971: Bark structure of the southern pines. Wood Sci. 3 (3): 134–148
Jensen, W. A. 1962: Botanical histochemistry. Principles and practice. San Francisco: Freeman
Johansen, D. A. 1940: Plant microtechnique. New York: McGraw-Hill
Karnovsky, M. J. 1965: A formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative of high osmolality for use in electron microscopy. J. Cell. Biol. 27: 137a-138a
Krahmer, R. L.; Wellons, J. C. 1973: Some anatomical and chemical characteristics of Douglas-fir cork. Wood Sci. 6 (2): 97–105
Lamb, F. M.; Marden, R. M. 1968: Bark specific gravities of selected Minnesota tree species. For. Prod. J. 18 (9): 76–82
Lin, R. T. 1973: Behavior of Douglas-fir bark components in compression. Wood Sci. 6 (2): 106–111
Litvay, J. D.; Krahmer, R. L. 1977: Wall layering in Douglas-fir cork cells. Wood Sci. 9 (4): 167–173
Miller, D. J.; Wellons, J. D.; Krahmer, R. L.; Short, P. H. 1974: Reinforcing plastics with Douglas-fir bark fiber. For. Prod. J. 24 (8): 18–22
Morgensen, H. L. 1968: Studies on the bark of the cork bark fir: Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica (Merriam) Lemmon. I. Periderm ontogeny. J. Arizona Acad. Sci. 5: 36–40
Parameswaran, N.; Kruse, J.; Liese, W. 1976: The fine structure of periderm and lenticel in spruce bark. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 77: 212–221
Patel, R. M. 1975: Anatomy of Radiata pine, Corsican pine, and Douglas-fir grown in New Zealand. N. Zealand J. Bot. 13 (2): 149–167
Purvis, M. J.; Collier, D. C.; Walls, D. 1966: Laboratory techniques in botany. 2nd Ed. London: Butterworth
Reichert, C. 1952: Fluorescence microscopy with fluorochromes, recipes and tables. 2nd Ed. Wien: Reichert
Roelofsen, P. A. 1959: The plant cell wall. Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie. III (4). Berlin: Gebr. Borntraeger
Sands, R. 1975: Radiata pine bark—aspects of morphology, anatomy and chemistry. N. Zealand J. For. Sci. 5 (1): 74–86
Seligman, A. M.; Wasserkrug, H. L.; Henker, J. D. 1966: A new staining method (OTO) for enhancing contrast of lipid-containing membranes and droplets in osmium tetroxide-fixed tissue with osmiophilic thiocarbohydrazide (TCH). J. Cell Biol. 30 (3): 424–432
Spurr, A. R. 1969: A low-viscosity epoxy resin embedding medium for electron microscopy. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 26: 31–43
Srivastava, L. M. 1963: Secondary phloem in the Pinaceae. Univ. Calif. Publics. Bot. 36 (1): 1–142
Srivastava, L. M. 1966: Histochemical studies on lignin. TAPPI 49 (4): 173–183
Wattendorff, J. 1969: Feinbau und Entwicklung der verkorkten Calciumoxalat-Kristallzellen in der Rinde von Larix decidua Mill. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 60: 307–347
Wattendorff, J.; Schmid, H. 1973: Prüfung auf perjodatreaktive Feinstruktur in den suberinisierten Kristallzell-Wänden der Rinde von Larix und Picea. Z. Pflanzenphysiol 68: 422–431
Wellons, J. D.; Krahmer, R. L. 1973: Self bonding in bark composites. Wood Sci. 6 (2): 112–122
Wise, L. E.; Murphy, M.; D'Addiceo, A. 1946: Chlorite holocellulose, its fractionation and bearing on summative wood analysis and on studies on the hemicelluloses. Paper Trade J 112 (2): 35–43
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Grozdits, G.A., Godkin, S.E. & Keith, C.T. The periderms of three North American conifers. Wood Sci. Technol. 16, 305–316 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00353159
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00353159