Abstract
Electrophoretic mobility (EM) and molecular weight (MW) of some allelic variants of α- and β-gliadins contrlled by Gli-2 loci were compared by means of two-dimensional (APAGE × SDS) electrophoresis. Comparison of α-gliadins of the alleles Gli-A2b and Gli-A2p, of β-gliadins of the Gli-B2b and Gli-B2c, and of β-gliadins of the Gli-D2b, Gli-D2c, Gli-D2j, and Gli-D2r indicated that a gliadin with lower EM had, as a rule, bigger MW which is known to depend on the length of the polyglutamine domain of gliadin of α-type. However, allelic variants of the α-gliadin encoded by Gli-D2b and Gli-D2e differ in EM but not in apparent MW. It might be caused by a substitution of some charged/uncharged aminoacids in the polypeptide of gliadin. Allele Gli-B2o which is very frequent in up-to-date common wheat germplasm originated probably by means of unequal crossingover. Some alleles at Gli-A2 is found to control completely different blocks of gliadins and therefore might come to common wheat from different genotypes of the polymorphic diploid donor of the A genome. The results indicate that the reason of the known more vast polymorphism of gliadins controlled by Gli-2 loci as compared with Gli-1 loci is the considerable difference of the structure, first, of Gli-1 and Gli-2 loci (Gli-2 loci have more expressed genes per locus) and, second, of genes encoding gliadins of α- and γ-types (α-gliadins are shown to contain a long polyglutamine sequences highly variable in their length).
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Metakovsky, E.V. and Graybosch, R.A., Gliadin alleles in wheat: identification and application, in Gliadin and Glutenin. The Unique Balance of Wheat Quality, Wrigley, C., Bekes, F., and Bushuk, W., Eds., AACC Internat., 2006, pp. 85–114.
Sozinov, A.A. and Poperelya, F.A., Genetic classification of prolamins and its use for plant breeding, Ann. Technol. Agric., 1980, vol. 29, pp. 229–245.
Sobko, T.A. and Poperelya, F.A., Frequencies of occurrence of alleles of gliadin-coding loci in winter common wheat, Visn. S.-G. Nauki, 1986, no. 5, pp. 84–87.
Metakovsky, E.V., Gliadin allele identification in common wheat. 2. Catalogue of gliadin alleles in common wheat, J. Genet. Breed., 1991, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 325–344.
Metakovsky, E.V., Davydov, S.D., Chernakov, V.M., and Upelniek, V.P., Gliadin allele identification in common wheat. 3. Frequency of occurrence and appearance of spontaneous mutations at the gliadin-coding loci, J. Genet. Breed., 1993, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 221–236.
Upelniek, V.P., Novoselskaya, A.Yu., Sutka, J., Galiba, G., and Metakovsky, E.V., Genetic variation at storage protein coding loci of common wheat (cv Chinese Spring) induced by nitrosoethylurea and by cultivation of immature embryos in vitro, Theor. Appl. Genet., 1995, vol. 90, nos. 3–4, pp. 372–379.
Kasarda, D.D., Okita, T.W., Bernardin, J.E., Baecker, P.A., Nimmo, C.C., Lew, J.L., Dietler, M.D., and Green, F.C., Nucleic acid (cDNA) and amino acid sequence of α-type gliadins from wheat (Triticum aestivum), Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 1984, vol. 81, no. 15, pp. 4712–4716.
Barak, S., Mudgil, D., and Khatkar, B.S., Biochemical and functional properties of wheat gliadins: a review, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 2015, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 357–368.
Metakovsky, E.V., Wheat Grain Storage Proteins: Classical Genetics, Mutations, Phylogeny, Seed Breeding, and Grain Quality, Lambert Acad. Publ., 2015, 320 p.
Anderson, O.D. and Greene, F.C., The α-gliadin gene family. 2. DNA and protein sequence variation, subfamily structure, and origins of pseudogenes, Theor. Appl. Genet., 1997, vol. 95, no. 1, pp. 59–65.
Li, J., Wang, S.-L., Cao, D.-W., Subburaj, L.S., Li, X.H., Zeller, F.J., Hsam, S.L.K., and Yan, Y.-M., Cloning, expression, and evolutionary analysis of α-gliadin genes from Triticum and Aegilops genomes, J. Appl. Genet., 2013, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 157–167.
Li, Y., Xin, R., Zhang, D., and Li, S., Molecular characterization of α-gliadin genes from common wheat cultivar Zhengmai 004 and their role in quality and celiac disease, Crop J., 2014, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 10–21.
Noma, S., Kawaura, K., Hayakawa, K., Abe, C., Tsuge, N., and Ogihara, J., Comprehensive molecular characterization of the α/β-gliadin multigene family in hexaploid wheat, Mol. Genet. Genom., 2016, vol. 291, no. 1, pp. 65–77.
Metakovsky, E.V., Melnik, V.A., Vaccino, P., and Rodriguez-Quijano, M., Comparison of alleles at Gli-1 loci of common wheat by means of two-dimensional electrophoresis of gliadin and RFLP analysis, Cytol. Genet., 2018, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 16–27.
Sapirstein, H.D. and Bushuk, W., Computer-aided wheat cultivar identification and analysis of densitometric scanning profiles of gliadin electrophoregrams, Seed Sci. Technol., 1986, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 489–517.
Koval, S.F. and Metakovsky, E.V., Adaptive value of some quantitative and qualitative characters in the experimental hybrid population of T. aestivum, Selskokhoz. Biol., 1985, no. 11, pp. 48–52.
Huang, Z., Long, H., Wei, Y.-M., Yan, Z.H., and Zheng, Y.L., Allelic variations of α-gliadin genes from species of Aegilops section Sitopsis and insights into evolution of α-gliadin multigene family among Triticum and Aegilops, Genetics, 2016, vol. 144, no. 2, pp. 213–222.
Metakovsky, E.V. and Sozinov, A.A., Genetics of gliadin proteins and the problems of interpreting results obtained with somaclonal variation in wheat, in Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry (Wheat), Bajaj, Y.P.S., Ed., 1990, vol. 13, pp. 526–537.
Vaccino, P. and Metakovsky, E.V., Gliadin alleles in DNA RFLP patterns of common wheat: implication for analysis of organization and evolution of complex loci, Theor. Appl. Genet., 1995, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 173–181.
Gu, Y.Q., Crossman, C., Kong, X., Luo, M., You, F.M., Coleman-Derr, D., and Dubcovsky, J., Genomic organization of the complex α-gliadin gene loci in wheat, Theor. Appl. Genet., 2004, vol. 109, no. 3, pp. 648–657.
Zmienko, A., Samelak, A., Kozlowski, P., and Figlerowicz, M., Copy number polymorphism in plant genomes, Theor. Appl. Genet., 2015, vol. 127, no. 1, pp. 1–18.
Qi, P.F., Wei, Y.M., Ouellet, T., Chen, Q., Tan, X., and Zheng, Y.L., The γ-gliadin multigene family in common wheat (Triticum aestivum) and its closely related species, BMC Genom., 2009, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 168–181.
Wang, S., Shen, X., Ge, P., Saminathan, J.L., Li, S.X., Zeller, F.J., Hsam, K.L., and Yan, Y., Molecular characterization and dynamic expression patterns of two types of γ-gliadin genes from Aegilops and Triticum species, Theor. Appl. Genet., 2012, vol. 125, no. 7, pp. 1371–1384.
Raquin, A.-L., Depaulis, F., Lambert, A., Galic, N., Brabant, P., and Goldringer, I., Experimental estimation of mutation rates in a wheat population with a gene genealogy approach, Genetics, 2008, vol. 179, no. 4, pp. 2195–2211.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © E.V. Metakovsky, V.A. Melnik, R. Redaelli, M. Rodriguez-Quijano, 2018, published in Tsitologiya i Genetika, 2018, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 3–12.
About this article
Cite this article
Metakovsky, E.V., Melnik, V.A., Redaelli, R. et al. Comparison of Alleles at Gli-2 Loci of Common Wheat by Means of Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis of Gliadin. Cytol. Genet. 52, 87–94 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3103/S0095452718020068
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3103/S0095452718020068