Abstract
Indium selenide (InSe) is a typical layered metal-chalcogenide semiconductor that has potential for developing ultrafast optoelectronic devices. In this work, InSe-polyvinyl alcohol (InSe-PVA) film is employed as saturable absorber and prepared by mixing InSe nanosheets solution and polyvinyl alcohol solution. The nonlinear absorption properties of the InSe saturable absorber (InSe-SA) are investigated, showing that the nonsaturable absorption and modulation depth are 37.5% and 9.55%, respectively. Traditional soliton lasers are generated in erbium-doped fiber (EDF) laser-employed InSe as a mode-locker. The central wavelength and pulse duration of the traditional soliton pulse are 1568.73 nm and 2.06 ps, respectively, under a repetition rate of 1.731 MHz. The maximum average output power is 16.4 mW at the pump power of 413 mW. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a traditional soliton pulse with InSe as a mode-locker. The experimental results further demonstrate that InSe is an outstanding nonlinear absorption material in ultrafast fiber laser.
摘要
InSe是一种典型层状金属硫化物半导体, 在超快光子学器件开发方面具有巨大应用潜力. 本文通过混合InSe纳米片和PVA形成InSe-PVA薄膜制备可饱和吸收体. InSe可饱和吸收体表现出明显的非线性吸收特性, 非饱和吸收和调制深度分别为37.5%和9.55%. 以InSe为锁模器件, 在掺铒光纤激光器中产生了传统孤子. 中心波长、 传统孤子脉宽和脉冲频率分别为1568.73 nm、 2.06 ps和1.731 MHz. 在泵功率为413 mW时, 最大平均输出功率为16.4 mW. 这是首次以InSe为锁模器件产生的传统孤子激光. 实验进一步证明InSe是一种可应用于超光纤激光的优秀非线性吸收材料.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Ahmad H, Reduan SA, Ooi SI, et al., 2018a. Mechanically exfoliated In2Se3 as a saturable absorber for mode-locking a thulium-doped fluoride fiber laser operating in S-band. Appl Opt, 57(24):6937–6942. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.57.006937
Ahmad H, Zulkifli AZ, Yasin M, et al., 2018b. In2Se3 saturable absorber for generating tunable Q-switched outputs from a bismuth-erbium doped fiber laser. Laser Phys Lett, 15(11):115105. https://doi.org/10.1088/1612-202x/aae13b
Bao QL, Zhang H, Wang Y, et al., 2009. Atomic-layer graphene as a saturable absorber for ultrafast pulsed lasers. Adv Funct Mater, 19(19):3077–3083. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200901007
Chen JM, Fan TJ, Xie ZJ, et al., 2020. Advances in nano-materials for photodynamic therapy applications: status and challenges. Biomaterials, 237:119827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119827
Chen Y, Jiang GB, Chen SQ, et al., 2015. Mechanically exfoliated black phosphorus as a new saturable absorber for both Q-switching and mode-locking laser operation. Opt Expr, 23(10):12823–12833. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.23.012823
Feng W, Zheng W, Gao F, et al., 2016. Sensitive electronic-skin strain sensor array based on the patterned two-dimensional a-In2Se3. Chem Mater, 28(12):4278–4283. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b01073
Fu SS, Li JJ, Zhang SS, et al., 2019. Large-energy mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser based on indium selenide as a modulator. Opt Mater Expr, 9(6):2662–2671. https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.9.002662
Ge YQ, Huang WC, Yang FM, et al., 2019. Beta-lead oxide quantum dot (β-PbO QD)/polystyrene (PS) composite films and their applications in ultrafast photonics. Nanoscale, 11(14):6828–6837. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr01112a
Goda K, Jalali B, 2013. Dispersive Fourier transformation for fast continuous single-shot measurements. Nat Photon, 7(2):102–112. https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2012.359
Guo B, Wang SH, Wu ZX, et al., 2018. Sub-200 fs soliton mode-locked fiber laser based on bismuthene saturable absorber. Opt Expr, 26(18):22750–22760. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.022750
Guo B, Xiao QL, Wang SH, et al., 2019. 2D layered materials: synthesis, nonlinear optical properties, and device applications. Laser Photon Rev, 13(12):1800327. https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.201800327
Guo J, Zhao JL, Huang DZ, et al., 2019. Two-dimensional tellurium-polymer membrane for ultrafast photonics. Nanoscale, 11(13):6235–6242. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NR00736A
Guo QX, Pan J, Liu YJ, et al., 2019. Output energy enhancement in a mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser using CVD-Bi2Se3 as a saturable absorber. Opt Expr, 27(17):24670–24681. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.024670
Guo SY, Zhang YP, Ge YQ, et al., 2019. 2D V-V binary materials: status and challenges. Adv Mater, 31(39):1902352. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201902352
Hu QY, Zhang XY, Li ZJ, et al., 2019. High-order harmonic mode-locked Yb-doped fiber laser based on a SnSe2 saturable absorber. Opt Laser Technol, 119:105639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2019.105639
Huang D, Swanson EA, Lin CP, et al., 1991. Optical coherence tomography. Science, 254(5035):1178–1181. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1957169
Huang WC, Jiang XT, Wang YZ, et al., 2018. Two-dimensional beta-lead oxide quantum dots. Nanoscale, 10(44):20540–20547. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NR07788F
Huang WC, Zhang Y, You Q, et al., 2019. Enhanced photo-detection properties of tellurium@selenium roll-to-roll nanotube heterojunctions. Small, 15(23):1900902. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201900902
Jhon YI, Koo J, Anasori B, et al., 2017. Metallic MXene saturable absorber for femtosecond mode-locked lasers. Adv Mater, 29(40):1702496. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201702496
Jiang XT, Liu SX, Liang WY, et al., 2018. Broadband nonlinear photonics in few-layer MXene Ti3C2Tx (T=F, O, or OH). Laser Photon Rev, 12(2):1700229. https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.201700229
Lei SD, Ge LH, Najmaei S, et al., 2014. Evolution of the electronic band structure and efficient photo-detection in atomic layers of InSe. ACS Nano, 8(2):1263–1272. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn405036u
Li D, Jussila H, Karvonen L, et al., 2015. Polarization and thickness dependent absorption properties of black phosphorus: new saturable absorber for ultrafast pulse generation. Sci Rep, 5(1):15899. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15899
Li L, Pang LH, Zhao QY, et al., 2020. Niobium disulfide as a new saturable absorber for an ultrafast fiber laser. Nanoscale, 12(7):4537–4543. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NR10873D
Liu GW, Zhang F, Wu TG, et al., 2019. Single-and dualwavelength passively mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser based on antimonene saturable absorber. IEEE Photon J, 11(3):1503011. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2019.2917941
Liu GW, Lyu Y, Li ZW, et al., 2020. Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser based on silicon nanosheets as saturable absorber. Optik, 202:163692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.163692
Liu H, Zheng XW, Liu M, et al., 2014. Femtosecond pulse generation from a topological insulator mode-locked fiber laser. Opt Expr, 22(6):6868–6873. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.22.006868
Liu JS, Li XH, Guo YX, et al., 2019. Harmonic mode-locking: SnSe2 nanosheets for subpicosecond harmonic mode-locked pulse generation. Small, 15(38):1970206. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201970206
Liu WJ, Pang LH, Han HN, et al., 2017. Tungsten disulphide for ultrashort pulse generation in all-fiber lasers. Nanoscale, 9(18):5806–5811. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7nr00971b
Lu L, Liang ZM, Wu LM, et al., 2018. Few-layer bismuthene: sonochemical exfoliation, nonlinear optics and applications for ultrafast photonics with enhanced stability. Laser Photon Rev, 12(1):1700221. https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.201700221
Luo ZC, Liu M, Guo ZN, et al., 2015. Microfiber-based few-layer black phosphorus saturable absorber for ultra-fast fiber laser. Opt Expr, 23(15):20030–20039. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.23.020030
Ma PF, Li JS, Zhang HN, et al., 2020. Preparation of highdamage threshold WS2 modulator and its application for generating high-power large-energy bright-dark solitons. Infrar Phys Technol, 105:103257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2020.103257
Mao D, Li MK, Cui XQ, et al., 2018. Stable high-power saturable absorber based on polymer-black-phosphorus films. Opt Commun, 406:254–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2016.11.027
Mudd GW, Svatek SA, Ren TH, et al., 2013. Tuning the bandgap of exfoliated InSe nanosheets by quantum confinement. Adv Mater, 25(40):5714–5718. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201302616
Niu KD, Chen QY, Sun RY, et al., 2017. Passively Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser based on SnS2 saturable absorber. Opt Mater Expr, 7(11):3934–3943. https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.7.003934
Niu KD, Sun RY, Chen QY, et al., 2018. Passively mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser based on SnS2 nanosheets as a saturable absorber. Photon Res, 6(2):72–76. https://doi.org/10.1364/PRJ.6.000072
Quereda J, Biele R, Rubio-Bollinger G, et al., 2016. Strong quantum confinement effect in the optical properties of ultrathin α-In2Se3. Adv Opt Mater, 4(12):1939–1943. https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201600365
Song YF, Chen S, Zhang Q, et al., 2016. Vector soliton fiber laser passively mode locked by few layer black phosphorus-based optical saturable absorber. Opt Expr, 24(23):25933–25942. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.24.025933
Song YF, Liang ZM, Jiang XT, et al., 2017. Few-layer antimonene decorated microfiber: ultra-short pulse generation and all-optical thresholding with enhanced long term stability. 2D Mater, 4(4):045010. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/aa87c1
Sotor J, Sobon G, Abramski KM, 2014a. Sub-130 fs mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser based on topological insulator. Opt Expr, 22(11):13244–13249. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.22.013244
Sotor J, Sobon G, Macherzynski W, et al., 2014b. Black phosphorus saturable absorber for ultrashort pulse generation. Appl Phys Lett, 107(5):051108. https://doi.org/10.1063/L4927673
Sun XL, Zhang BT, Yan BZ, et al., 2018. Few-layer Ti3C2Tx (T=O, OH, or F) saturable absorber for a femtosecond bulk laser. Opt Lett, 43(16):3862–3865. https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.43.003862
Wang C, Wang L, Li XH, et al., 2019. Few-layer bismuthene for femtosecond soliton molecules generation in Er-doped fiber laser. Nanotechnology, 30(2):025204. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aae8c1
Wang C, Xu JW, Wang YZ, et al., 2020. MXene (Ti2NTx):synthesis, characteristics and application as a thermo-optical switcher for all-optical wavelength tuning laser. Sci China Mater, in press. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-020-1409-7
Wang GM, Chen GW, Li WL, et al., 2019. Indium selenide as a saturable absorber for a wavelength-switchable vector-soliton fiber laser. Opt Mater Expr, 9(2):449–456. https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.9.000449
Wang GM, Zhang WF, Xing F, et al., 2020. Tin monoselenide based saturable absorbers for the generation of ultrashort pulses. Infrar Phys Technol, 108:103349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2020.103349
Wang MX, Zhang F, Wang ZP, et al., 2019. Liquid-phase exfoliated silicon nanosheets: saturable absorber for solid-state lasers. Materials, 12(2):201. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12020201
Wu LM, Xie ZJ, Lu L, et al., 2018. Few-layer tin sulfide: a promising black-phosphorus-analogue 2D material with exceptionally large nonlinear optical response, high stability, and applications in all-optical switching and wavelength conversion. Adv Opt Mater, 6(2):1700985. https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201700985
Wu Q, Jin X, Chen S, et al., 2019. MXene-based saturable absorber for femtosecond mode-locked fiber lasers. Opt Expr, 27(7):10159–10170. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.010159
Xie ZJ, Zhang F, Liang ZM, et al., 2019. Revealing of the ultrafast third-order nonlinear optical response and enabled photonic application in two-dimensional tin sulfide. Photon Res, 7(5):494–502. https://doi.org/10.1364/PRJ.7.000494
Xie ZJ, Fan TJ, An JS, et al., 2020. Emerging combination strategies with phototherapy in cancer nanomedicine. Chem Soc Rev, in press. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CS00215A
Xing CY, Xie ZJ, Liang ZM, et al., 2017. 2D nonlayered selenium nanosheets: facile synthesis, photoluminescence, and ultrafast photonics. Adv Opt Mater, 5(24):1700884. https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201700884
Xu NN, Yang WQ, Zhang HN, 2018. Nonlinear saturable absorption properties of indium selenide and its application for demonstrating a Yb-doped mode-locked fiber laser. Opt Mater Expr, 8(10):3092–3103. https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.8.003092
Xu NN, Ming N, Han XL, et al., 2019. Large-energy passively Q-switched Er-doped fiber laser based on CVD-Bi2Se3 as saturable absorber. Opt Mater Expr, 9(2):373–383. https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.9.000373
Xu NN, Ma PF, Fu SS, et al., 2020. Tellurene-based saturable absorber to demonstrate large-energy dissipative soliton and noise-like pulse generations. Nanophotonics, 9(9):2783–2795. https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0545
Xu YH, Jiang XF, Ge YQ, et al., 2017. Size-dependent nonlinear optical properties of black phosphorus nanosheets and their applications in ultrafast photonics. J Mater Chem C, 5(12):3007–3013. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TC00071E
Yan PG, Jiang ZK, Chen H, et al., 2018. α-In2Se3 wideband optical modulator for pulsed fiber lasers. Opt Lett, 43(18):4417–4420. https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.43.004417
Yang WQ, Xu NN, Zhang HN, 2018. Nonlinear absorption properties of indium selenide and its application for demonstrating pulsed Er-doped fiber laser. Laser Phys Lett, 15(10):105101. https://doi.org/10.1088/1612-202X/aad896
Zhang H, Bao QL, Tang DY, et al., 2009. Large energy soliton erbium-doped fiber laser with a graphene-polymer composite mode locker. Appl Phys Lett, 95(14):141103. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3244206
Zhang HN, Ma PF, Zhu MX, et al., 2020. Palladium selenide as a broadband saturable absorber for ultra-fast photonics. Nanophotonics, 9(8):2557–2567. https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0116
Zhang WF, Wang GM, Xing F, et al., 2020. Passively Q-switched and mode-locked erbium-doped fiber lasers based on tellurene nanosheets as saturable absorber. Opt Expr, 28(10):14729–14739. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.392944
Zhao Y, Guo PL, Li XH, et al., 2019. Ultrafast photonics application of graphdiyne in the optical communication region. Carbon, 149:336–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.04.075
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Wenfei ZHANG designed the research. Xiaojuan LIU and Guomei WANG processed the data. Mingxiao ZHU drafted the manuscript. Kezhen HAN and Huanian ZHANG helped organize the manuscript. Wenfei ZHANG and Huanian ZHANG revised and finalized the paper.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Xiaojuan LIU, Guomei WANG, Mingxiao ZHU, Kezhen HAN, Wenfei ZHANG, and Huanian ZHANG declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11904213, 11704226, and 11704227)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, X., Wang, G., Zhu, M. et al. Traditional soliton erbium-doped fiber laser with InSe as saturable absorber. Front Inform Technol Electron Eng 22, 325–333 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1631/FITEE.2000387
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1631/FITEE.2000387