Abstract
We have tested the original version of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) on a population of Central Russia including groups of different ages residing in the city area and in the rural part of the country. Our results demonstrate that the UPSIT is applicable for evaluation of olfactory function within the population of Central Russia and allows us to detect age-related differences in olfactory function. However, several odor samples presented within the original UPSIT proved to be unfamiliar to the subjects due to cultural differences. We have identified and tested odor items that may replace poorly recognizable items of the original UPSIT. Thus, we have developed a culturally adapted version of the UPSIT to be used within the population of Central Russia.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Altundag, A., Tekeli, H., Salihoglu, M., Cayonu, M., Yasar, H., Kendirli, M.T., and Saglam, O., Cross-culturally modified University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test for a Turkish population, Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy, 2015, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. e138–e141.
Bushdid, C., Magnasco, M.O., Vosshall, L.B., and Keller, A., Humans can discriminate more than 1 trillion olfactory stimuli, Science, 2014, vol. 21, no. 343 (6177), pp. 1370–1372.
Djordjevic, J., Jones-Gotman, M., De Sousa, K., and Chertkow, H., Olfaction in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease, Neurobiol. Aging, 2008, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 693–706.
Doty, R.L., The Smell Identification Test™ Administration Manual, Haddon Heights, New Jersy: Sensonics, 1995, 3rd ed.
Doty, R.L., Olfaction in Parkinson’s disease, Parkinsonism Relat. Disord., 2007, suppl. 3, pp. S225–S228.
Doty, R.L. and Kamath, V., The influences of age on olfaction: a review, Front. Psychol., 2014, vol. 5, p. 20.
Doty, R.L., Shaman, P., and Dann, M., Development of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test: a standardized microencapsulated test of olfactory function, Physiol. Behav., 1984, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 489–502.
Doty, R.L., McKeown, D.A., Lee, W.W., and Shaman, P., A study of the test-retest reliability of ten olfactory tests, Chem. Senses, 1995, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 645–656.
Fornazieri, M.A., Santos, C.A., Bezerra, T.F., Pinna, F. de R., Voegels, R.L., and Doty, R.L., Development of normative data for the Brazilian adaptation of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, Chem. Senses, 2015, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 141–149.
Gerkin, R.C. and Castro, J.B., The number of olfactory stimuli that humans can discriminate is still unknown, Elife, 2015, vol. 7, no. 4. e08127.
Hsu, N.I., Lai, J.T., and Shen, P.H., Development of Taiwan Smell Identification Test: a quick office-based smell screening test for Taiwanese, Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy, 2015, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. e50–e54.
Klyuchnikova, M.A., Voznesenskaya, A.E., Rodionova, E.I., and Voznessenskaya, V.V., Russian smell identification test, Chem. Senses, 2017, vol. 42, no. 2. e36.
Laska, M., Genzel, D., and Wieser, A., The number of functional olfactory receptor genes and the relative size of olfactory brain structures are poor predictors of olfactory discrimination performance with enantiomers, Chem. Senses, 2005, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 171–175.
Mackay-Sim, A. and Doty, R.L., The University of Pennsylvania Smell IdentificationTest: normative adjustment for Australian subjects, Aust. J. Otolaryngol., 2001, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 174–177.
Maremmani, C., Rossi, G., Tambasco, N., Fattori, B., Pieroni, A., Ramat, S., Napolitano, A., Vanni, P., Serra, P., Piersanti, P., Zanetti, M., Coltelli, M., Orsini, M., Marconi, R., Purcaro, C., Rossi, A., Calabresi, P., and Meco, G., The validity and reliability of the Italian Olfactory Identification Test (IOIT) in healthy subjects and in Parkinson’s disease patients, Parkinsonism Relat. Disord., 2012, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 788–793.
McGann, J.P., Poor human olfaction is a 19th-century myth, Science, 2017, vol. 12, no. 356 (6338). e7263.
Murphy, C., Schubert, C.R., Cruickshanks, K.J., Klein, B.E., Klein, R., and Nondahl, D.M., Prevalence of olfactory impairment in older adults, J. Am. Med. Ass., 2002, vol. 288, no. 18, pp. 2307–2312.
Ogihara, H., Kobayashi, M., Nishida, K., Kitano, M., and Takeuchi, K., Applicability of the cross-culturally modified University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test in a Japanese population, Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy, 2011, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 404–410.
Suchowersky, O., Reich, S., Perlmutter, J., Zesiewicz, T., Gronseth, G., and Weiner, W.J., Practice Parameter: Diagnosis and prognosis of new onset Parkinson disease (an evidence- based review), Rep. Quality Standards Subcomm. Am. Acad. Neurol., Neurology, 2006, vol. 66, no. 7, pp. 968–975.
Voznesenskaya, A.E., Klyuchnikova, M.A., Rodionova, E.I., and Voznessenskaya, V.V., Adaptation of UPSIT for RFpopulation, Chem. Senses, 2011a, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. e74–e75.
Voznesenskaya, A.E., Klyuchnikova, M.A., Rodionova, E.I., and Voznesenskaya, V.V., Olfaction disorders as a marker of human neurodegenerative diseases, Sens. Sist., 2011b, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 17–31.
Voznesenskaya, V.V. and Klyuchnikova, M.A., Individual variability of human olfactory sensitivity to volatile steroids: environmental and genetic factors, Dokl. Biol. Sci., 2017, vol. 473, pp. 77–79.
Woodward, M.R., Amrutkar, C.V., Shah, H.C., Benedict, R.H., Rajakrishnan, S., Doody, R.S., Yan, L., and Szigeti, K., Validation of olfactory deficit as a biomarker of Alzheimer disease, Neurol. Clin. Pract., 2017, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 5–14.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © V.V. Voznessenskaya, M.A. Klyuchnikova, E.I. Rodionova, T.K. Laktionova, I.G. Kvasha, A.B. Klinov, A.E. Voznesenskaya, 2018, published in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Biologicheskaya, 2018, No. 5, pp. 544–548.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Voznessenskaya, V.V., Klyuchnikova, M.A., Rodionova, E.I. et al. A Standardized Test for Evaluation of Olfactory Function for the Russian Population. Biol Bull Russ Acad Sci 45, 485–489 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359018050175
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359018050175