Abstract
The review is devoted to one of currently most often used methods for the study of the elemental composition of samples differing by origin and matrix, laser sampling (LS), in combination with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The method ensures the analysis of samples without their transfer into solution and with high spatial resolution, up to several micrometers. The main restriction of laser sampling is due to elemental and isotopic fractionation, proceeding in the interaction of laser irradiance with the sample surface, on which photoelectronic and thermal processes, resulting in the formation of sample aerosols of different nature, can occur depending on the characteristics of laser irradiance. The paper covers works on the study of the effect of the laser wavelength, pulse duration, pulse fluence, plasma screening, explosive boiling, and the crater geometry on elemental fractionation and works in which fractionation coefficients were calculated on the basis of experimental data.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Günther, D., Jackson, S.E., and Longerich, H.P., Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1999, vol. 54, no. 3, p. 381.
Durrant, S., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1999, vol. 14, no. 9, p. 1385.
Winefordner, J.D., Gornushkin, I.B., Pappas, D., Matveev, O.I., and Smith, B.W., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2000, vol. 15, no. 9, p. 1161.
Günther, D., Horn, I., and Hattendorf, B., Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem., 2000, vol. 368, no. 1, p. 4.
Russo, R.E., Mao, X., and Borisov, O.V., TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem., 1998, vol. 17, no. 8, p. 461.
Russo, R.E., Mao, X., Liu, H., Gonzalez, J., and Mao, S.S., Talanta, 2002, vol. 57, no. 3, p. 425.
Rodriguez, H.B., Lozano, D.O., Martínez, Y.A.R., Alcázar, G.A.P., Flege, S., Balogh, A.G., Cabri, L.J., and Tubrett, M., Hyperfine Interact., 2007, vol. 175, nos. 1–3, p. 195.
Gray, A.L., Analyst, 1985, vol. 110, no. 5, p. 551.
Arrowsmith, P., Anal. Chem., 1987, vol. 59, no. 10, p. 1437.
Jackson, S.E., Longerich, H.P., Dunning, G.R., and Fryer, B.J., Can. Mineral., 1992, vol. 30, p. 1049.
Chenery, S. and Cook, J.M., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1993, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 299.
Fryer, B.J., Jackson, S.E., and Longerich, H.P., Can. Mineral., 1995, vol. 33, p. 303.
Günther, D., Frischknecht, R., Heinrich, C.A., and Kahlert, H.J., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1997, vol. 12, no. 9, p. 939.
Eggins, S.M., Rudnick, R.L., and McDonough, W.F., Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett., 1998, vol. 154, no. 1, p. 53.
Pearce, N.J., Perkins, W.T., Abell, I., Duller, G.A., and Fuge, R., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1992, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 53.
Longerich, H.P., Jackson, S.E., Fryer, B.J., and Strong, D.F., Geosci. Can., 1993, vol. 20, no. 1, p. 21.
Cromwell, E.F. and Arrowsmith, P., Anal. Chem., 1995, vol. 67, no. 1, p. 131.
Günther, D., Longerich, H.P., Forsythe, L., and Jackson, S.E., Am. Lab., 1995, vol. 27, p. 24.
Fuge, R., Palmer, T.J., Pearce, N.J., and Perkins, W.T., Appl. Geochem., 1993, vol. 8, p. 111.
Denoyer, E.R., Fredeen, K.J., and Hager, J.W., Anal. Chem., 1991, vol. 63, no. 8, p. 445.
Jeffries, T.E., Perkins, W.T., and Pearce, N.J.G., Analyst, 1995, vol. 120, no. 5, p. 1365.
Mochizuki, T., Sakashita, A., Iwata, H., Kagaya, T., Shimamura, T., and Blair, P., Anal. Sci., 1988, vol. 4, no. 4, p. 403.
Radziemski, L.J., Microchem. J., 1994, vol. 50, no. 3, p. 218.
Jeffries, T.E., Pearce, N.J.G., Perkins, W.T., and Raith, A., Anal. Commun., 1996, vol. 33, no. 1, p. 35.
Liu, H., Borisov, O.V., Mao, X., Shuttleworth, S., and Russo, R.E., Appl. Spectrosc., 2000, vol. 54, no. 10, p. 1435.
Horn, I., von Blanckenburg, F., Schoenberg, R., Steinhoefel, G., and Markl, G., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2006, vol. 70, no. 14, p. 3677.
Stafe, M., Marcu, A., and Puscas, N.N., Pulsed Laser Ablation of Solids, Heidelberg: Springer, 2014.
Russo, R.E., Mao, X., Gonzalez, J.J., and Mao, S.S., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2002, vol. 17, no. 9, p. 1072.
Russo, R.E., Mao, X., and Mao, S.S., Anal. Chem., 2002, vol. 74, no. 3, p. 70.
Ion, J., Laser Processing of Engineering Materials: Principles, Procedure and Industrial Application, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2005.
Fernández, B., Claverie, F., Pécheyran, C., and Donard, O.F., TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem., 2007, vol. 26, no. 10, p. 951.
Koch, J. and Günther, D., Appl. Spectrosc., 2011, vol. 65, no. 5, p. 155.
Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry and Its Applications, Hill, S.J., Ed., Oxford: Blackwell, 2007, 2nd ed.
Jarvis, K.E., Gray, A.L., and Houk, R.S., Handbook of ICP–MS, Glasgow: Blackie and Son, 1992.
ICP Mass Spectrometry Handbook, Nelms, S.M., Ed., Oxford: Blackwell, 2005.
Becker, S., Inorganic Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Applications, Chichester: Wiley, 2007.
Gackle, M. and Merten, D., Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 2010, vol. 65, no. 12, p. 991.
Gray, A.L. and Date, A.R., Analyst, 1983, vol. 108, no. 1290, p. 1033.
Houk, R.S., Fassel, V.A., Flesch, G.D., Svec, H.J., Gray, A.L., and Taylor, C.E., Anal. Chem., 1980, vol. 52, no. 14, p. 2283.
Date, A.R. and Gray, A.L., Analyst, 1981, vol. 106, no. 1269, p. 1255.
Henry, R. and Cassel, T., in The Handbook of Metabolomics: Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology, Fan, T.W.M., Lane, A.N., and Higashi, R., Eds., New York: Springer, 2012, vol. 17, p. 99.
Shaheen, M.E., Gagnon, J.E., and Fryer, B.J., Chem. Geol., 2012, vol. 330, p. 260.
Geertsen, C., Briand, A., Chartier, F., Lacour, J.L., Mauchien, P., Sjöström, S., and Mermet, J.M., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1994, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 17.
Cahoon, E.M. and Almirall, J.R., Appl. Opt., 2010, vol. 49, no. 13, p. 49.
Figg, D. and Kahr, M.S., Appl. Spectrosc., 1997, vol. 51, no. 8, p. 1185.
Jeffries, T., Jackson, S., and Longerich, H., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1998, vol. 13, no. 9, p. 935.
Eggins, S.M., Kinsley, L.P.J., and Shelley, J.M.G., Appl. Surf. Sci., 1998, vol. 127, p. 278.
Günther, D. and Heinrich, C.A., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1999, vol. 14, no. 9, p. 1369.
Russo, R.E., Mao, X.L., Borisov, O.V., and Liu, H., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2000, vol. 15, no. 9, p. 1115.
Telouk, P., Rose-Koga, E.F., and Albarede, F., Geostand. Newsl., 2003, vol. 27, no. 1, p. 5.
Guillong, M., Horn, I., and Günther, D., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2003, vol. 18, no. 10, p. 1224.
Shannon, M.A., Mao, X.L., Fernandez, A., Chan, W.T., and Russo, R.E., Anal. Chem., 1995, vol. 67, no. 24, p. 4522.
Mao, X.L., Ciocan, A.C., and Russo, R.E., Appl. Spectrosc., 1998, vol. 52, no. 7, p. 913.
Le Harzic, R., Breitling, D., Weikert, M., Sommer, S., Föhl, C., Valette, S., Donnet, C., Audouard, E., and Dausinger, F., Appl. Surf. Sci., 2005, vol. 249, no. 1, p. 322.
Perdian, D.C., Bajic, S.J., Baldwin, D.P., and Houk, R.S., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2008, vol. 23, p. 325.
Shaheen, M., Gagnon, J.E., Yang, Z., and Fryer, B.J., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2008, vol. 23, no. 12, p. 1610.
Freydier, R., Candaudap, F., Poitrasson, F., Arbouet, A., Chatel, B., and Dupré, B., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2008, vol. 23, no. 5, p. 702.
Wohlgemuth-Ueberwasser, C.C. and Jochum, K.P., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2015, vol. 30, no. 12, p. 2469.
Poitrasson, F., Mao, X., Mao, S.S., Freydier, R., and Russo, R.E., Anal. Chem., 2003, vol. 75, no. 22, p. 6184.
d’Abzac, F.X., Poitrasson, F., Freydier, R., and Seydoux-Guillaume, A.M., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2010, vol. 25, no. 5, p. 681.
Ohata, M., Tabersky, D., Glaus, R., Koch, J., Hattendorf, B., and Günther, D., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2014, vol. 29, no. 8, p. 1345.
Steinhoefel, G., Horn, I., and von Blanckenburg, F., Chem. Geol., 2009, vol. 268, no. 1, p. 67.
Steinhoefel, G., Horn, I., and von Blanckenburg, F., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2009, vol. 73, no. 18, p. 5343.
Steinhoefel, G., von Blanckenburg, F., Horn, I., Konhauser, K.O., Beukes, N.J., and Gutzmer, J., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2010, vol. 74, no. 9, p. 2677.
Horn, I. and von Blanckenburg, F., Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 2007, vol. 62, no. 4, p. 410.
Košler, J., Pedersen, R.B., Kruber, C., and Sylvester, P.J., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2005, vol. 20, no. 3, p. 192.
Jackson, S.E. and Günther, D., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2003, vol. 18, no. 3, p. 205.
Horn, I., Schoenberg, R., and von Blanckenburg, F., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2006, vol. 21, no. 2, p. 211.
Steinhoefel, G., Breuer, J., von Blanckenburg, F., Horn, I., Kaczorek, D., and Sommer, M., Chem. Geol., 2011, vol. 286, no. 3, p. 280.
Shaheen, M.E., Gagnon, J.E., and Fryer, B.J., J. Appl. Phys., 2013, vol. 114, no. 8, 083110. doi doi 10.1063/1.4808455
Shaheen, M.E., Gagnon, J.E., and Fryer, B.J., Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 2015, vol. 107, p. 97. doi doi 10.1016/j.sab.2015.02.010
Mao, S.S., Mao, X., Greif, R., and Russo, R.E., Appl. Phys. Lett., 2000, vol. 76, no. 23, p. 3370.
Mao, S.S., Mao, X., Greif, R., and Russo, R.E., Appl. Phys. Lett., 2000, vol. 77, no. 16, p. 2464.
Chichkov, B.N., Momma, C., Nolte, S., Von Alvensleben, F., and Tünnermann, A., Appl. Phys. A, 1996, vol. 63, no. 2, p. 109.
Wang, X.Y., Riffe, D.M., Lee, Y.S., and Downer, M.C., Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys., 1994, vol. 50, no. 11, p. 8016.
Schoenlein, R.W., Lin, W.Z., Fujimoto, J.G., and Eesley, G.L., Phys. Rev. Lett., 1987, vol. 58, no. 16, p. 1680.
Fann, W.S., Storz, R., Tom, H.W.K., and Bokor, J., Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys., 1992, vol. 46, no. 20, p. 13592.
Stuart, B.C., Feit, M.D., Rubenchik, A.M., Shore, B.W., and Perry, M.D., Phys. Rev. Lett., 1995, vol. 74, no. 12, p. 2248.
Ihlemann, J., Scholl, A., Schmidt, H., and Wolff-Rottke, B., Appl. Phys. A, 1995, vol. 60, no. 4, p. 411.
Mao, S.S., Mao, X.L., Greif, R., and Russo, R.E., Appl. Surf. Sci., 1998, vol. 127, p. 206.
La Haye, N.L., Harilal, S.S., Diwakar, P.K., and Hassanein, A., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2013, vol. 28, no. 11, p. 1781.
Kelly, R. and Miotello, A., Appl. Surf. Sci., 1996, vol. 96, p. 205.
Kelly, R. and Miotello, A., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B, 1997, vol. 122, no. 3, p. 374.
Miotello, A. and Kelly, R., Appl. Phys. Lett., 1995, vol. 67, no. 24, p. 3535.
Miotello, A. and Kelly, R., Appl. Phys. A, 1999, vol. 69, no. 1, p. 67.
Lu, Q., Mao, S.S., Mao, X., and Russo, R.E., Appl. Phys. Lett., 2002, vol. 80, no. 17, p. 3072.
Yoo, J.H., Borisov, O.V., Mao, X., and Russo, R.E., Anal. Chem., 2001, vol. 73, no. 10, p. 2288.
Yoo, J.H., Jeong, S.H., Greif, R., and Russo, R.E., J. Appl. Phys., 2000, vol. 88, no. 3, p. 1638.
Yoo, J.H., Jeong, S.H., Mao, X.L., Greif, R., and Russo, R.E., Appl. Phys. Lett., 2000, vol. 76, no. 6, p. 783.
Mao, X. and Russo, R.E., Appl. Phys. A, 1997, vol. 64, no. 1, p. 1.
Liu, H.C., Mao, X.L., Yoo, J.H., and Russo, R.E., Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1999, vol. 54, no. 11, p. 1607.
Phipps, C.R. and Dreyfus, R.W., in Laser Ionization Mass Analysis, Vertes, A., Gijbels, R., and Adams, F., Eds., New York: Wiley, 1993, p. 369.
Singh, R.K. and Viatella, J., J. Appl. Phys., 1994, vol. 75, no. 2, p. 1204.
Amoruso, S., Bruzzese, R., Spinelli, N., and Velotta, R., J. Phys. B, 1999, vol. 32, no. 14, p. R131.
Schäfer, C., Urbassek, H.M., and Zhigilei, L.V., Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys., 2002, vol. 66, no. 11, p. 115404.
Zhigilei, L.V., Appl. Phys. A, 2003, vol. 76, no. 3, p. 339.
Marla, D., Bhandarkar, U.V., and Joshi, S.S., J. Appl. Phys., 2011, vol. 109, no. 2, 021101. doi doi 10.1063/1.3537838
Mao, X.L., Chan, W.T., Shannon, M.A., and Russo, R.E., J. Appl. Phys., 1993, vol. 74, no. 8, p. 4915.
Kuhn, H.R. and Günther, D., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2004, vol. 19, no. 9, p. 1158.
Koch, J., Lindner, H., Von Bohlen, A., Hergenroder, R., and Niemax, K., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2005, vol. 20, no. 9, p. 901.
Zhigilei, L.V., Lin, Z., and Ivanov, D.S., J. Phys. Chem. C, 2009, vol. 113, no. 27, p. 11892.
Le Harzic, R., Stracke, F., and Zimmermann, H., J. Appl. Phys., 2013, vol. 113, no. 18, 183503. doi doi 10.1063/1.4803895
Bian, Q., Garcia, C.C., Koch, J., and Niemax, K., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2006, vol. 21, no. 2, p. 187.
Pisonero, J., Fernandez, B., and Günther, D., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2009, vol. 24, no. 9, p. 1145.
Garcia, C.C., Lindner, H., and Niemax, K., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2009, vol. 24, no. 1, p. 14.
Song, K.H. and Xu, X., Appl. Phys. A, 1997, vol. 65, no. 4, p. 477.
Song, K.H. and Xu, X., Appl. Surf. Sci., 1998, vol. 127, p. 111.
Xu, X., Chen, G., and Song, K.H., Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 1999, vol. 42, no. 8, p. 1371.
Xu, X. and Song, K.H., Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2000, vol. 292, no. 2, p. 162.
Shaheen, M.E. and Fryer, B.J., Laser Part. Beams, 2012, vol. 30, p. 473.
Jeong, S.H., Borisov, O.V., Yoo, J.H., Mao, X.L., and Russo, R.E., Anal. Chem., 1999, vol. 71, no. 22, p. 5123.
Hirata, T. and Nesbitt, R.W., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1995, vol. 59, no. 12, p. 2491.
Borisova, A.Y., Freydier, R., Polve, M., Salvi, S., Candaudap, F., and Aigouy, T., Geostand. Geoanal. Res., 2008, vol. 32, no. 2, p. 209.
Chen, Z., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1999, vol. 14, no. 12, p. 1823.
Motelica-Heino, M. and Donard, O.F., Geostand. Newsl., 2001, vol. 25, nos. 2–3, p. 345.
Motelica-Heino, M., Le Coustumer, P., and Donard, O.F.X., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2001, vol. 16, no. 6, p. 542.
Kroslakova, I. and Günther, D., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2007, vol. 22, no. 1, p. 51.
Votyakov, S.L. and Adamovich, N.N., Litosfera, 2011, no. 4, p. 56.
Russo, R.E., Appl. Spectrosc., 1995, vol. 49, no. 9, p. 14.
Chan, W.T., Mao, X.L., and Russo, R.E., Appl. Spectrosc., 1992, vol. 46, no. 6, p. 1025.
Leloup, C., Marty, P., Dall’ava, D., and Perdereau, M., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1997, vol. 12, no. 9, p. 945.
Mao, X., Chan, W.T., Caetano, M., Shannon, M.A., and Russo, R.E., Appl. Surf. Sci., 1996, vol. 96, p. 126.
Cromwell, E.F. and Arrowsmith, P., Appl. Spectrosc., 1995, vol. 49, no. 11, p. 1652.
Mochizuki, T., Sakashita, A., Tsuji, T., Iwata, H., Ishibashi, Y., and Gunji, N., Anal. Sci., 1991, vol. 7, p. 479.
Longerich, H.P., Günther, D., and Jackson, S.E., Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem., 1996, vol. 355, nos. 5–6, p. 538.
Outridge, P.M., Doherty, W., and Gregoire, D.C., Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 1997, vol. 52, no. 14, p. 2093.
Russo, R.E., Mao, X.L., Chan, W.T., Bryant, M.F., and Kinard, W.F., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1995, vol. 10, no. 4, p. 295.
Shuttleworth, S., Appl. Surf. Sci., 1996, vol. 96, p. 513.
Koch, J., Walle, M., Pisonero, J., and Günther, D., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2006, vol. 21, no. 9, p. 932.
Loewen, M.W. and Kent, A.J., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2012, vol. 27, no. 9, p. 1502.
Jochum, K.P., Scholz, D., Stoll, B., Weis, U., Wilson, S.A., Yang, Q., Schwalb, A., Borner, N., Jacob, D.E., and Andreae, M.O., Chem. Geol., 2012, vol. 318, p. 31.
Liu, C., Mao, X.L., Mao, S.S., Zeng, X., Greif, R., and Russo, R.E., Anal. Chem., 2004, vol. 76, no. 2, p. 379.
Guillong, M. and Günther, D., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2002, vol. 17, no. 8, p. 831.
Jorgensen, D.J., Titus, M.S., and Pollock, T.M., Appl. Surf. Sci., 2015, vol. 353, p. 700.
Luo, T., Wang, Y., Hu, Z., Günther, D., Liu, Y., Gao, S., Li, M., and Hu, S., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2015, vol. 30, no. 4, p. 941.
Guillong, M., Kuhn, H.R., and Günther, D., Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 2003, vol. 58, no. 2, p. 211.
Hathorne, E.C., James, R.H., Savage, P., and Alard, O., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2008, vol. 23, no. 2, p. 240.
Diwakar, P.K., Gonzalez, J.J., Harilal, S.S., Russo, R.E., and Hassanein, A., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2014, vol. 29, no. 2, p. 339.
Hu, Z., Liu, Y., Chen, L., Zhou, L., Li, M., Zong, K., Zhu, L., and Gao, S., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2011, vol. 26, no. 2, p. 425.
Diwakar, P.K., Harilal, S.S., Hassanein, A., and Phillips, M.C., J. Appl. Phys., 2014, vol. 116, no. 13, 133301. doi 10.1063/1.4896169
Gonzalez, J., Mao, X.L., Roy, J., Mao, S.S., and Russo, R.E., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2002, vol. 17, no. 9, p. 1108.
Machida, R., Nakazawa, T., and Furuta, N., Anal. Sci., 2015, vol. 31, no. 5, p. 345.
Garcia, C.C., Lindner, H., von Bohlen, A., Vadla, C., and Niemax, K., J. Anal. At. Spectrom, 2008, vol. 23, no. 4, p. 470.
Borisov, O.V., Mao, X., and Russo, R.E., Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 2000, vol. 55, no. 11, p. 1693.
Mank, A.J. and Mason, P.R., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1999, vol. 14, no. 8, p. 1143.
Russo, R.E., Mao, X., Gonzalez, J.J., and Yoo, J., Spectroscopy, 2013, vol. 28, no. 1, p. 24.
Horn, I., Rudnick, R.L., and McDonough, W.F., Chem. Geol., 2000, vol. 164, no. 3, p. 281.
Becker, J.S., Pickhardt, C., and Dietze, H.J., Microchim. Acta, 2000, vol. 135, nos. 1–2, p. 71.
Pickhardt, C., Brenner, I.B., Becker, J.S., and Dietze, H.J., Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem., vol. 368, no. 1, p. 79.
Pickhardt, C., Becker, J.S., and Dietze, H.J., Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem., 2000, vol. 368, nos. 2–3, p. 173.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © Yu.K. Shazzo, Yu.A. Karpov, 2016, published in Zhurnal Analiticheskoi Khimii, 2016, Vol. 71, No. 11, pp. 1123–1136.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shazzo, Y.K., Karpov, Y.A. Laser sampling in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in the inorganic analysis of solid samples: Elemental fractionation as the main source of errors. J Anal Chem 71, 1069–1080 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061934816110125
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061934816110125