Skip to main content

Empathy in the Theater of Horror, or Civilizing the Human Heart

  • Chapter
Empathy and its Limits

Abstract

In our times, and particularly among Europeans, there seems to be a general consensus that people should be treated with dignity. Dignity has become a crucial political concept and a rallying cry that has been able to mobilize large numbers of citizens. The use of what is perceived as humiliating language or practice encounters sharp criticism. Forms of punishment, state-imposed or other, that appear to infringe on human dignity are not accepted by popular opinion. This includes shame sanctions administered by the US legal system, as much as physical and emotional cruelty, not solely but especially when displayed in public. European citizens are appalled by practices in countries such as China, Saudi-Arabia, Iran, or Afghanistan, where executions (abolished in EU member states) are deliberately and intentionally carried out in public in order to attract large groups of spectators. Terrorist Islamic groups that proudly record the decapitation of hostages and invite the world to watch provoke loathing and aversion.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. C. J. Setz (2014) Das grelle Herz der Finsternis, DIE ZEIT, 40, pp. 47–8, on websites and blogs commenting on recent decapitation videos that circulate in the internet. See also A. E. Simpson (ed.) (2008) Witnesses to the Scaffold: English Literary Figures as Observers of Public Executions (Lambertville: The True Bill Press), pp. 11–12

    Google Scholar 

  2. J. Martschukat (2000) Inszeniertes Töten: Eine Geschichte der Todesstrafe vom 17. bis zum 19. Jahrhundert (Cologne: Böhlau), pp. 244–5.

    Google Scholar 

  3. S. Sontag (2003) Regarding the Pain of Others (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux), p. 7.

    Google Scholar 

  4. I. Kant (2009) Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View, R. Louden (ed.) (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press), pp. 135.

    Google Scholar 

  5. F. Baasner (1988) Der Begriff?sensibilite’ im 18. Jahrhundert: Aufstieg und Niedergang eines Ideals (Heidelberg: Winter).

    Google Scholar 

  6. D. Diderot, J. Le Rond D’Alembert (eds) (1765) Encyclopédie. Ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences, Des Arts et Des Métiers, 15 (Neuchâtel: Faulche), p. 52.

    Google Scholar 

  7. V. Nünning (1998) ‘A Revolution in Sentiments, Manners, and Moral Opinions’: Catharine Macaulay und die politische Kultur des englischen Radikalismus, 1760–1790 (Heidelberg: Winter), p. 297.

    Google Scholar 

  8. The term is R. van Dülmen’s (1990) Theatre of Horror: Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Germany (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press). Dülmen obviously borrowed and adapted it from the Latin ‘theatrum poenarium’.

    Google Scholar 

  9. F. Hutcheson (2002) An Essay on the Nature and Conduct of the Passions and Affections, with Illustrations on the Moral Sense, A. Garrett (ed.) (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund), p. 56

    Google Scholar 

  10. D. Hume (1985) A Treatise of Human Nature, E. C. Mossner (ed.) (London: Penguin), pp. 367 ff., 417–8

    Google Scholar 

  11. A. Smith (2000) The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Amherst, NY: Prometheus) pp. 3–30

    Google Scholar 

  12. M. L. Frazer (2010) The Enlightenment of Sympathy: Justice and the Moral Sentiments in the Eighteenth Century and Today (Oxford: Oxford University Press), Chapters 1–4.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  13. J.-J. Rousseau (1973) Discours sur l’Origine et les Fondements de l’Inégalité parmi les Hommes, A. Kremer-Marietti (ed.) (Paris: Aubier Montaigne), pp. 59, 84–5.

    Google Scholar 

  14. G. E. Lessing, M. Mendelssohn, F. Nicolai (1972) Briefwechsel über das Trauerspiel [1756/57], J. Schulte-Sasse (ed.) (Munich: Winkler), p. 55.

    Google Scholar 

  15. H.-J. Schings (1988) Der mitleidigste Mensch ist der beste Mensch: Poetik des Mitleids von Lessing bis Büchner (Munich: Beck), Chapter 3.

    Google Scholar 

  16. F. de Vignemont, T. Singer (2006) ‘The Empathic Brain: How, When and Why’? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, pp. 435–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. J. Decety, W. J. Ickes (eds) (2009) The Social Neuroscience of Empathy (Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press). For a critique of the current tendency to define empathetic processes very broadly, inclusively, (and superficially), see

    Google Scholar 

  18. J. Slaby (2014) ‘Empathy’s Blind Spot’, Medicine Health Care and Philosophy, 17(2), pp. 249–58. doi: 10.1007/s11019-014-9543.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. J. G. Krünitz (1798) Oekonomische Encyklopädie, oder allgemeines System der Staats-Stadt-Haus-und Landwirthschaft, 75 (Berlin: Pauli), pp. 349–50.

    Google Scholar 

  20. E. Cohen (1993) The Crossroads of Justice: Law and Culture in Late Medieval France (Leiden: Brill), p. 207; van Dülmen, Theatre of Horror Spierenburg, The Spectacle of Suffering, pp. 59–64.

    Google Scholar 

  21. J. H. Pestalozzi (1819) ‘Lienhard und Gertrud. Ein Buch für das Volk’ in Pestalozzi’s Sämmtliche Schriften, 2 (Stuttgart: Cotta), pp. 19–20.

    Google Scholar 

  22. J. F. Harrington (2013) The Faithful Executioner: Life and Death, Honor and Shame in the Turbulent Sixteenth Century (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux), pp. xiii–xv.

    Google Scholar 

  23. M. B. Merback (1999) The Thief, the Cross and the Wheel: Pain and the Spectacle of Punishment in Medieval and Renaissance Europe (London: Reaktion), pp. 19–20; 126–58

    Google Scholar 

  24. S. Y. Edgerton, Jr. (1985) Pictures and Punishment: Art and Criminal Prosecution during the Florentine Renaissance (Ithaca: Cornell University Press), Chapter 5 (‘Pictures of Redemption’)

    Google Scholar 

  25. J. F. van Dijkhuizen (2012) Pain and Compassion in Early Modern English Literature and Culture (Cambridge: Brewer), p. 248. As to the magic beliefs connected to the healing power of bones and blood, see Spierenburg, The Spectacle of Suffering p. 30

    Google Scholar 

  26. W. Schild (2007) Das Blut des Hingerichteten in C. von Braun, C. Wulf (eds) Mythen des Blutes (Frankfurt: Campus), pp. 126–54.

    Google Scholar 

  27. R. van Dülmen (1999) Der ehrlose Mensch: Unehrlichkeit und soziale Ausgrenzung in der Frühen Neuzeit (Cologne: Böhlau), p. 70.

    Google Scholar 

  28. H. Morley (ed.) (1889) The Earlier Life and the Chief Works of Daniel Defoe (London: Routledge), pp. 219–56

    Google Scholar 

  29. J. R. Moore (1973) Defoe in the Pillory and Other Studies (New York: Octagon), Chapter 1.

    Google Scholar 

  30. M. Foucault (1977) Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (London: Allen Lane).

    Google Scholar 

  31. D. Nash and A.-M. Kilday (2010) Cultures of Shame: Exploring Crime and Morality in Britain, 1600–1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 32–46

    Book  Google Scholar 

  32. R. J. Evans (1998) Tales from the German Underworld: Crime and Punishment in the Nineteenth Century (New Haven: Yale University Press), pp. 98–101.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Martschukat, Inszeniertes Töten, Chapter 3; R. J. Evans (1996) Rituals of Retribution: Capital Punishment in Germany 1600–1987 (Oxford: Oxford University Press), Chapter 3

    Google Scholar 

  34. P. Friedland (2012) Seeing Justice Done: The Age of Spectacular Capital Punishment in France (Oxford: Oxford University Press) Chapters 8, 9.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  35. V. A. C. Gatrell (1994) The Hanging Tree: Execution and the English People 1770–1868 (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 69–70.

    Google Scholar 

  36. L. Hunt (2007) Inventing Human Rights: A History (New York: Norton), p. 32.

    Google Scholar 

  37. J. Boswell (1831) The Life of Samuel Johnson, Ll.D, new edn, vol. 1 (London: Murray), p. 451.

    Google Scholar 

  38. J. Moscoso (2012) Pain: A Cultural History (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  39. R. Boddice (ed.) (2014) Pain and Emotion in Modern History, (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  40. J. Bourke (2014) The Story of Pain: From Prayer to Painkillers (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  41. M. Schmoeckel (2000) Humanität und Staatsraison: Die Abschaffung der Folter in Europa und die Entwicklung des gemeinen Strafprozeß-und Beweisrechts seit dem hohen Mittelalter (Cologne: Böhlau), pp. 19ff. See also, for France, Hunt, Inventing Human Rights, Chapter 2.

    Google Scholar 

  42. H. Gräff et al. (eds) (1842) Ergänzungen und Erläuterungen der Preussischen Rechtsbücher durch Gesetzgebung und Wissenschaft, 7 (Breslau: Aderholz), p. 340. For the long struggle to abolish corporal punishment in Prussia, see R. Koselleck (1975) Preußen zwischen Reform und Revolution: Allgemeines Landrecht, Verwaltung und soziale Bewegung von 1791 bis 1848, 2nd edn (Stuttgart: Klett), pp. 641–659.

    Google Scholar 

  43. P. Gay (1993) The Cultivation of Hatred (New York: Norton), p. 177.

    Google Scholar 

  44. C. Dickens (1846) Pictures from Italy (London: Bradburg and Evans), pp. 206–7.

    Google Scholar 

  45. A. J. D. G. de Molènes (1830) De l’humanité dans les lois criminelles, et de la jurisprudence (Paris: Loqcuin), p. 401.

    Google Scholar 

  46. A. von Feuerbach (1828) Aktenmäßige Darstellung merkwürdiger Verbrechen, vol. 1 (Gießen: Heyer), p. 244.

    Google Scholar 

  47. U. Frevert (2011) Emotions in History-Lost and Found (Budapest: Central European University Press), Chapter 2.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  48. G. G. Byron (1976) ‘So late into night’: Byron’s letters and journals, 5, L. A. Marchand (ed.) (London: Murray, pp. 229–30 (from a letter to his publisher).

    Google Scholar 

  49. W. M. Thackeray (1840) ‘Going to see a Man Hanged’, in Fraser’s Magazine for Town and Country, 22 (128), pp. 150–8. As to the general fascination with executions ‘regardless of social standing’, see Gatrell, The Hanging Tree, pp. 242–58.

    Google Scholar 

  50. F. Virgili (2002) Shorn Women: Gender and Punishment in Liberation France (Oxford: Berg).

    Google Scholar 

  51. J. Baberowski (2004) Der Rote Terror: Die Geschichte des Stalinismus (Munich: DVA).

    Google Scholar 

  52. M. Berg (2011) Popular Justice: A History of Lynching in America (Chicago: Dee)

    Google Scholar 

  53. M. Berg and S. Wendt (eds) (2011) Globalizing Lynching History: Vigilantism and Extralegal Punishment from an International Perspective (New York: Palgrave Macmillan).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2016 Ute Frevert

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Frevert, U. (2016). Empathy in the Theater of Horror, or Civilizing the Human Heart. In: Assmann, A., Detmers, I. (eds) Empathy and its Limits. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137552372_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics