Abstract
The 1967–70 Nigerian Civil War (also known as the ‘Biafran War’) was notorious for the prolonged suffering of the civilian population in the secessionist enclave of ‘Biafra’ and the failure of repeated international attempts to bring about an early end to the conflict. At the time the term ‘humanitarian intervention’ was used to denote the international emergency relief operation, rather than a military intervention — which is how the term has subsequently come to be used. Ironically this humanitarian relief operation may have contributed to the prolongation of the war and thereby added to the human suffering. In this chapter, based partly on my experience working on the ground in this conflict, I argue that other forms of intervention, which could just as reasonably be described as ‘humanitarian’, were neglected by the principal international actors engaged with the conflict. I compare this state of affairs with subsequent approaches to intervention in Africa and elsewhere and conclude by suggesting that the lessons from ‘Biafra’ could be used to inform a more enlightened approach to ‘humanitarian intervention’ in present-day crises.
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Notes
John De St Jorre, The Brothers’ War (London: Faber, 2009), 412.
John Stremlau, The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War1967–70, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press: 1997).
For example: Chibuike Uche, ‘Oil, British Interests and the Nigerian Civil War’, Journal of African History, 49.1 (2008): 111–35.
Charles R Nixon, ‘Self-Determination: The Nigeria/Biafra Case’, World Politics 24.4 (1972), 480.
Walter Schwarz, Nigeria (London: Pall Mall Press, 1968), 230.
K. W. J. Post, ‘Is There a Case for Biafra?’, International Affairs, 44.1 (1968): 26–39;
S.K. Panter-Brick, ‘The Right to Self-Determination: Its Application to Nigeria’, International Affairs, 44.2 (1968): 254–66.
Laurie S. Wiseberg, ‘Christian Churches and the Nigerian Civil War’, Journal of African Studies, 2.3 (1975): 297–331, cited in Stremlau The International Politics, 281–2.
David P. Forsythe, The Humanitarians: The International Committee of the Red Cross (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 201.
Suzanne Cronje, The World and Nigeria (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1972), Appendix 2.
Meredith Preston McGhie and Serena Sharma, ‘Kenya’ in Jared Genser and Irwin Cottier, eds, The Responsibility to Protect: The Promise of Stopping Mass Atrocities in Our Time (Oxford: Oxford University Press: 2011).
Michael Reisman and Myres S. McDougal ‘Humanitarian intervention to protect the Ibos’, (1969) referred to in R. B. Lillich, Humanitarian Intervention and the United Nations (Charlottesville, 1973), 177.
Cited in Nicholas Wheeler, Saving Strangers (Oxford, OUP: 2000): 42.
See, for example Jennifer M. Welsh, ed., Humanitarian Intervention and International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006);
Aidan Hehir, Humanitarian Intervention: An Introduction (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).
A. Bellamy, S. Chesterman, J. Pattison, T. Weiss and J. Welsh, contributions to ‘Roundtable on Libya and Humanitarian Intervention’, Ethics and International Affairs, 25.3 (2011): 271–7.
Michael Barnett and Thomas G. Weiss, eds, Humanitarianism in Question: Politics, Power, Ethics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008).
Michael Barnett, Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002);
Alex De Waal, ‘Darfur and the Failure of the Responsibility to Protect’, International Affairs, 83.6 (2007): 1039–54.
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© 2013 Michael Aaronson
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Aaronson, M. (2013). The Nigerian Civil War and ‘Humanitarian Intervention’. In: Everill, B., Kaplan, J. (eds) The History and Practice of Humanitarian Intervention and Aid in Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137270023_9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137270023_9
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