Abstract
Are the European Communities (EC) transforming into ‘a Europe of the parties’? Against the background of the British debate about the nature of integration and (continued) membership in the EC, the political scientist David Marquand posed this question in an influential article published in 1978.1 Marquand, a former Labour Party MP until 1977, had just taken up an academic post after returning from a oneyear stint in Brussels, where he had worked as special advisor to the new Commission President Roy Jenkins. He anticipated (and supported) a much greater politicization of Community politics and an increased role of political parties in the wake of the first direct elections to the European Parliament (EP) scheduled for the following year. This expectation was widely shared among political scientists engaged in research on the formation of the new transnational European party organizations such as the European People’s Party (EPP), which was created in 1976. In fact, this first phase of research on European party cooperation had been sparked in the mid-1970s by the debate about direct elections already foreseen in the Rome Treaties. This research petered out in the early 1980s. It turned out that without additional legislative powers for the EP, the direct elections alone did not change significantly either the role of the EP or that of political parties in the Community’s public policy-making.2
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Notes
See especially Ernst B. Haas, The Uniting of Europe. Political, Social, and Economic Forces, 1950–1957, Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1958.
Wolfram Kaiser, Christian Democracy and the Origins of European Union, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
See, for example, Thomas Risse, A Community of Europeans? Transnational Identities and Public Spheres, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010.
cf. Simon Hix, Abdul Noury and Gérard Roland, Democratic Politics in the European Parliament, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007;
Amie Kreppel, The European Parliament and Supranational Party System. A Study in Institutional Development, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
On the Christian democratic parties after World War II, see from a comparative perspective Michael Gehler and Wolfram Kaiser (eds.), Christian Democracy in Europe since 1945, London: Routledge, 2004;
Emiel Lamberts (ed.), Christian Democracy in the European Union [1945/1995], Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1997;
Tom Buchanan and Martin Conway (eds.), Political Catholicism in Europe 1918–1965 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).
For a brief descriptive organizational history (but with some factual errors for the earlier periods) see also the study by the EPP’s former secretary general Thomas Jansen, The European People’s Party. Origins and Development, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998.
On the EDU, see also Andreas Khol und Alexis Wintoniak, Die Europäische Demokratische Union (EDU), in: Hans-Joachim Veen (ed.), Christlichdemokratische und konservative Parteien in Westeuropa, vol. V, Paderborn: Schöningh, 2000, 405–58;
Franz Homer, Konservative und christdemokratische Parteien in Europa. Geschichte, Programmatik, Strukturen, Vienna-Munich: Verlag Herold, 1981, 76–9.
On their European policies and transnational party links, see also Nick J. Crowson, The Conservative Party and European Integration since 1945, Abingdon: Routledge, 2007.
See, from a theoretical and comparative perspective, Geoffrey Pridham, The Dynamics of Democratization. A Comparative Approach, London: Continuum, 2000.
See, from a comparative perspective, Wolfram Kaiser and Christian Salm, Transition und Europäisierung in Spanien und Portugal. Sozial- und christ-demokratische Netzwerke im Übergang von der Diktatur zur parlamen-tarischen Demokratie, in: Archiv für Sozialgeschichte, vol. 49 (2009), 259–82. See also Pilar Ortuña Anaya, European Socialists and Spain. The Transition to Democracy 1959–77, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002.
cf. Thomas Ramge, Die großen Politik-Skandale. Eine andere Geschichte der Bundesrepublik, Frankfurt a.M.: Campus, 2003.
On the origins of the CDU’s practice regarding donations, see also Frank Bösch, Die Adenauer-CDU. Gründung, Aufstieg und Krise einer Erfolgspartei 1945–1969, Stuttgart: DVA, 2001, chapter V.
On the role of the CDU and the KAS in Portugal, see the detailed study by Matthias Stenger, Transnationale Parteienzusammenarbeit. Die Beziehungen der deutschen und portugiesischen Christlichen Demokraten von der Nelkenrevolution bis zum Vertrag von Maastricht (1974–1992), Düsseldorf: Droste, 2011.
Heinrich Böx, Vermerk, Sondierungsgespräche in Spanien in der Zeit vom 8. bis 10. Dezember 1975, Bonn, 12 December 1975, ACDP 12–001–1261. On the links between Germany and Spain during the Franco period, see also Birgit Aschmann, ‘Treue Freunde…?’ Westdeutschland und Spanien 1945–1963, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner 1999.
cf. Jonathan Hopkin, Party Formation and Democratic Transition in Spain. The Creation and Collapse of the Union of the Democratic Centre, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 1999;
Carlos Barrera, Historia del proceso democrático en España. Tardofranquismo, transición y democracia, Madrid: Ed. Fragua, 2002.
See also Carlos Huneeus, La Unin de Centro Democrático y la transición a la democracia en España, Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociolog, 1985.
cf. Richard Cockett, Thinking the Unthinkable. Think-Tanks and the Economic Counter-Revolution, 1931–1983, London: HarperCollins, 1994.
See Kiran Klaus Patel, Europäisierung wider Willen. Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland in der Agrarintegration der EWG 1955–1973, Munich: Oldenbourg, 2009;
Ann-Christina L. Knudsen, Farmers on Welfare. The Making of Europe’s Common Agricultural Policy, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009. See also Chapter 6.
On the role of non-state actors and networks in the debates about monetary policy integration, see Emmanuel Mourlon-Druol, A Europe made of Money? The Emergence of the European Monetary System, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2012.
See, from a long-term perspective, Wolfram Kaiser, Political Parties in the European Polity. Eastern Enlargement in Historical Perspective, in: Bruno Arcidiacono et al. (eds.), Europe Twenty Years after the End of the Cold War. The New Europe, New Europes? Brussels: P.I.E. Peter Lang, 2012, 33–45.
cf. Dorota Dakowska, Networks of Foundations as Norm Entrepreneurs: Between Politics and Policies in EU Decision-Making, in: Journal of Pub-lic Policy, vol. 29, no. 2 (2009), 201–21; German Political Foundations. Transnational go-betweens in the Enlargement Process, in: Wolfram Kaiser and Peter Starie (eds.), Transnational European Union. Towards a Common Political Space, Abingdon: Routledge, 2005, 150–69.
Keith Middlemas, Orchestrating Europe. The Informal Politics of the European Union 1973–95, London: Fontana, 1995, 73.
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Kaiser, W. (2013). Europeanization of Christian Democracy? Negotiating Organization, Enlargement, Policy and Allegiance in the European People’s Party. In: Kaiser, W., Meyer, JH. (eds) Societal Actors in European Integration. Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137017659_2
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